自閉症類障礙兒童的私語表現初探

張琇雁; 林慧麗; 楊宗仁; 張顯達

doi:10.6172/BSE201103.3601003

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P57 - 83

社会科学 > 教育学

DOI： 10.6172/BSE

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自闭症類障碍儿童的私语表现初探

A Preliminary Study on Private Speech in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

张琇雁(Shiu-Yein Chang) ；林慧丽(Hui-Li Lin) ；杨宗仁(Tsung-Ren Yang) ；张显达(Hintat Cheung)

特殊教育研究学刊； 36 卷 1 期 (2011 / 03 / 01) ， P57 - 83

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6172/BSE201103.3601003

自闭症類障碍儿童；私语； Autism Spectrum Disorders ； Private Speech

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (44) │ 被引用文献 (2) │ 国际计量

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Purpose: According to Vygotsky, private speech plays an essential role in forming thoughts and concepts as it guides and regulates problem-solving processes. It has been used successfully to teach both typically developing children and children with special needs how to self-regulate behavior, including emotion, social skills and cognitive function. Not many studies have examined the development of private speech in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This study is the first to examine private speech in Mandarin-speaking children with ASD in Taiwan. Methods: Thirty research participants with ASD were recruited, and their private speech was recorded and analyzed. The private speech data were collected from two problem-solving situations, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task and Tower of London. Their language abilities were assessed with WISC-Ⅲ. These data were collected in order to clarify relations between private speech and each of the abilities (language abilities and problem solving performance). Findings: Only 29 participants completed the tasks (26 male, 3 female; chronological age ranged from 7 years 3 months to 13 years 4 months (M=9.34 years, S.D.=1.65 years)). All but one participant were observed to use private speech during the problem-solving processes. The transcribed private speech utterances were then further classified into three categories, task-relevant, task-irrelevant and partially audible, according to Berk's coding system (Berk, 1986). The result indicates that no clearly increasing developmental trend of global uncategorized private speech is evident. Nevertheless, relations between language abilities and the further categorized private speech data have shown that mean utterances per minute of both task-relevant and task-irrelevant private speech increased as a function of language abilities. However, the differences were not statistically significant. Unlike typically developing children, the children with ASD have shown more variation among individuals in private speech as their language abilities increased; the better their language abilities, the greater the private speech variation among them. The statistically insignificant finding might be partially due to the non-parallel developmental trajectories of ASD children's language and cognitive abilities, which in turn could cause problems in controlling task difficulty for each single individual. The other main finding was that, compared to their problem-solving counterparts, those who performed at a medium level were observed to express the greatest number of task-relevant private speech utterances per minute. And those with the worst task performance expressed the greatest number of task-irrelevant private speech utterances per minute. Conclusions/Implications: As it has been shown that task difficulty affects private speech behavior, one might need to control for both language abilities and individually tailored task difficulty in order to obtain a clear-cut picture of private speech development trends in ASD children. Our findings also imply that a well-designed private speech intervention program promoting the use of task-relevant private speech might be useful in improving ASD children's performance on tasks involving executive function.

参考文献 ( 44 ) 〈TOP〉

单延恺、陈印雪、苏东平(2004)。儿童与青少年注意力、记忆、与执行功能之发展性常模。臨床心理学刊，1，21-29。
连结：
Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press
Winsler, A., Fernyhough, C., McClaren, E. M., & Way, E. (2005). Private speech coding manual. Unpublished manuscript. George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA. Retrieved May, 15, 2008, from http://classweb.gmu.edu/awinsler/Resources/PsCodingManual.pdf.
Al-Namlah, A. S.,Fernyhough, C.,Meins, E.(2006).Sociocultural influences on the development of verbal mediation: Private speech and phonological recoding in Saudi Arabian and British samples.Developmental Psychology,42(1),117-131.
Behrend, D. A.,Rosengren, K. S.,Perlmutter, M.(1989).A new look at children's private speech: the effects of age, task difficulty, and parent presence.International Journal of Behavioral Development,12,305-320.

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