Effects of "Noncontingent Reinforcement Plus Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior" and "Response Interruption and Redirection" on a Child

Szu-Yin Chu; Sonia Baker

doi:10.6172/BSE201103.3601005

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P109 - 127

社会科学 > 教育学

DOI： 10.6172/BSE

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Effects of "Noncontingent Reinforcement Plus Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior" and "Response Interruption and Redirection" on a Child's Vocal Stereotypy Maintained by Automatic Reinforcement

探讨「非立即性增强」以及「打断行为反应和重新引导」兩种策略对自闭症幼童的语言固着行为之成效

朱思颖(Szu-Yin Chu) ； Sonia Baker

特殊教育研究学刊； 36 卷 1 期 (2011 / 03 / 01) ， P109 - 127

英文 DOI： 10.6172/BSE201103.3601005

自闭症；固着语言行为；自动增强；打断反应并重导方向；非立即性增强； autism spectrum disorder ； vocal stereotypy ； automatic reinforcement ； response intervention and interruption ； noncontingent reinforcement

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (17) │ 被引用文献 (4) │ 国际计量

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Purpose: In this study, the authors investigated the effective treatment of repetitive and noncontextual vocal behaviors of a 5-year-old child (John) with an autism spectrum disorder. Background: Autism is a life-long disability characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and behavior. Children with autism often display stereotypic movements that are characterized by their repetitive and nonfunctional nature. Although it is believed that stereotypic behaviors might be automatically reinforced by the sensory consequences produced by engaging in the response, some evidence also shows that stereotypy can be related to social or demand consequences. Meanwhile, stereotypic behaviors can interfere with auditory processing, discrimination learning, and appropriate social behaviors. The focus of a treatment for frequent engagement in stereotypic movements by children with autism has been examined because this type of behavior may hamper children's development. Non-contextual vocalization is one stereotypic behavior that children with autism often display. However, there has been relatively limited research focused on the treatment of vocal stereotypy for children with autism. Specifically, it is difficult to treat if vocal stereotypy is self-reinforcing (i.e., automatic reinforcement). An approach to treating vocal stereotypy maintained by automatic reinforcement is response interruption and redirection (RIRD). To block vocal stereotype, RIRD treatment may involve teachers initiating vocal demands with whichthe child readily complies Previous research revealed the positive effects of RIRD on reducing the level of vocal stereotype. Another approach to developing treatment for automatic reinforcement has focused on noncontingent access to preferred items (NCR). According to operational definition of NCR, it is hypothesized that if the child chooses to spend more time with the alterative stimuli, rather than engage in the aberrant response (e.g., vocal stereotype), these stimuli can effectively compete with the aberrant response. But, both approaches (RIRD and NCR) have their own limitations. The treatment of RIRD is labor-intensive while NCR alone was not effective as a treatment. Method: Functional analyses (FA) were implemented to identify the function of John's stereotypical behavior. Using the methods described by Iwata and his colleagues (1982/1994), vocal stereotype was assessed in four specific conditions (i.e., attention, demand, alone, control/play) to determine which specific consequences (e.g., attention, escape, or sensory) were maintaining the behaviors. According to previous preference assessment, a cookie served as strong reinforcement for John, and could be used to promote the use of appropriate language. In addition, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) was included to eliminate the limitation of NCR as well as strengthen appropriate communication (e.g., request). Following FA, two treatment packages, ”RIRD” and ”NCR plus DRA,” were implemented in an ABCACBC design to determine whether either RIRD or NCR plus DRA could reduce John's vocal stereotypy. Findings: The results of FA suggested that vocal stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. The findings suggested that NCR plus DRA can significantly reduce the behavior of noncommunicative vocalization maintained by automatic reinforcement. The findings also revealed that NCR plus DRA produced levels of appropriate vocal behaviors more thanthose observed in both baseline and RIRD phases. Conclusions/Implications: This study suggests that highly preferred stimuli may compete with engagement in automatically reinforced challenging behaviors. Implications of this study are also discussed in this paper.

参考文献 ( 17 ) 〈TOP〉

Ahearn, W. H.,Clark, K. M.,DeBar, R.,Florentino, C.(2005).On the role of preference in response competition.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,38,247-250.
Aheran, W. H.,Clark, K. M.,MacDonald, R. P. F.,Chung, B. I.(2007).Assessing and treating vocal stereotypy in children with autism.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,40,263-275.
Athens, E. S.,Vollmer, T. R.,Sloman, K. M.,St. Peter Pipkin, C.(2008).An analysis of vocal stereotypy and therapist fading.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,41,291-297.
Carr, J. E.,Coriaty, S.,Wilder, D. A.,Gaunt, B. T.,Dozier, C. L.,Britton, L. N.(2000).A review of "noncontingent" reinforcement as treatment for the aberrant behavior of individuals with developmental disabilities.Research in Developmental Disabilities,21,377-391.
Carr, J. E.,Dozier, C. L.,Patel, M. R.,Adams, A.,Martin, N.(2002).Treatment of automatically reinforced object mouthing with noncontingent reinforcement and response blocking: Experimental analysis and social validation.Research in Developmental Disabilities,23,37-44.

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