臺灣陽明山向天池鰓足類（甲殼亞門：鰓足綱）的生物多樣性、幼體發育及溫度對其生活史特徵的影響

黃婉萍

doi:10.6342/NTU201702954

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台湾阳明山向天池鳃足类（甲壳亚门：鳃足纲）的生物多样性、幼体发育及温度对其生活史特徵的影响

Diversity, larval development and temperature influence on life history traits of branchiopod species (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in Siangtian Pond of Yangmingshan, Taiwan

黄婉萍 , 博士　　导师：周莲香　　共同指导教授：陈国勤

英文 DOI： 10.6342/NTU201702954

大型鳃足类；胚胎发育；温度效应；生活史；雄暨同体型；同体受精；族群成长；生态栖位分化； Large branchiopod ； ontogenic development ； temperature effect ； life history ； androdioecious ； hermaphroditic fertilization ； population growth ； niche differentiation

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (228) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

阳明山国家公园西侧向天池中，有三种共域、共存的大型鳃足类动物，包括一种丰年虾（鹄沼枝额虫，已知学名为Branchinella kugenumaensis (Ishidawa, 1895)）及两种蚌虾（学名尚未确定），本论文主旨乃探究其生活史模式与生态栖位分化机制。首先以电子显微技术（包括卵、幼体、成体之SEM相片）及粒线体DNA序列（包括12S、16S、COI三种探针），进行形态与分子之比对，发现向天池中的两种蚌虾分别与日本真湖蚌虫（Eulimnadia braueriana Ishikawa, 1895）和日本猫眼蚌虫（Lynceus biformis (Ishidawa, 1895)）近似，然而两两之间存有些许的表型变异与遗传差异（第二、三章）。其中，向天池真湖蚌虫为新种（Eulimnadia sp. nov.），而向天池猫眼蚌虫（Lynceus biformis）与日本同种。然後针对此三种共域之大型鳃足类动物，进行生活史特徵（如：最早孵化时间、最早性成熟时间、最长寿命、体长成长曲线、存活曲线、性别比例、窝卵数等）之测量与观察，包括实验室养殖（第四、五章）与野外调查（第六章），并检视温度对生活史策略的影响。结果发现，新种真湖蚌虫为性比4.5%的雄暨同体型动物，对温度的适应性在三者中最广（如：15、20、25、30oC），并展现对温度的生殖适应策略。高温下（如：25、30oC），雄性个体性成熟显着迟缓，倾向由雌雄同体以自体受精的方式完成有性生殖；低温下（如：15、20oC），除了自体受精外，雄性个体与雌雄同体同步性成熟，两者可藉异体受精而产生基因多样性较高的卵。相较之下，鹄沼枝额虫偏好低温（如：15、20、25oC），为雌雄异体的两性动物，性比平均值53.1%，尤其雄性个体较雌性个体早两日性成熟，推测其雄性个体之间具有激烈的生殖竞争压力。猫眼蚌虫和鹄沼枝额虫一样为雌雄异体的两性动物，然而性比平均值9.1%，且雌雄同步性成熟的现象，推测其雄性之间的有性生殖竞争较鹄沼枝额虫舒缓。最後，比较这三种共域鳃足类动物之生态栖位分化的机制，虽然鹄沼枝额虫与新种真湖蚌虫的体长成长率皆随温度上升而增快，然而，高温下可自体受精的生殖方式，使新种真湖蚌虫的族群成长率在高温下明显增加，展现优於鹄沼枝额虫的温度适应力与高温优势。至於猫眼蚌虫，由於其对温度没有明显偏好，且难以在实验室中培养，推测其生活史策略可能受其他因子影响。

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Three large branchiopods, including one fairy shrimp (Branchinella kugenumaensis (Ishidawa, 1895)) and two clam shrimp species (without confirmed species names updated), co-inhabit in Siangtian Pond, Yangmingshan National Park, Taipei, Taiwan. This dissertation is aimed to explore their life history patterns and nich differentiation mechanisms. First of all, I identified the two clam shrimp species using SEM photography (including eggs, nauplii, and adults) and three mitochondrial DNA markers (i.e. 12S, 16S, COI). The morphological and molecular evidences showed that both clam shrimps in Siangtian Pond were very similar to the Japanese Eulimnadia braueriana Ishikawa, 1895 and Lynceus biformis (Ishidawa, 1895), while showed some phenotypic variations and genetic distances (Chapter 2 and 3). These two species were confirmed as Eulimnadia sp. nov. and Lynceus biformis. Next, I observed and measured life history traits (i.e. earliest hatching time (EHT), earliest maturation time (EMT), maximum lifespan (MLS), grwoth curve of body length, survival curve, sex ratio, clutch size, etc.) of these three sympatreic large branchiopods, either in aquacutural setting (Chapter 4 and 5) or in field (Chapter 6), and tried to explore the temperature effect on its life history strategies. I found Eulimnadia sp. nov. was an androdioecious animal with sex ratio of 4.5%. It adapted to wider temperature range (e.g. 15, 20, 25, 30oC) with reproductive flexibility. At higher temperature (e.g. 25, 30oC), male matured significantly slower than hermaphrodite, and only hermaphroditic eggs were quickly produced by selfing. However, at lower temperature (e.g. 15, 20oC), male matured with no significant difference than hermaphrodite and gonochoric eggs (with presumably higher genetic diversity) were reproduced in addition to hermaphroditic eggs. Branchinella kugenumaensis was dioecious with sex ratio of 53.1%. It adapted to lower temperature (e.g. 15, 20 and 25oC) than Eulimnadia sp. nov. with strong male-male competition since male matured signigicantly two days earlier than females. Lynceus biformis was another dioecious branchiopod in Siangtian Pond with smaller sex ratio as 9.1% compared to B. kugenumaensis. Its male and female matured with no significant difference, making lower male-male competition than B. kugenumaensis. Finally, I tried to explore the niche differentiation mechanisms through temperature-dependent life history performances among these three sympatric branchiopods. Both B. kugenumaensis and Eulimnadia sp. nov. grew faster with temperature-dependent manner, Eulimnadia sp. nov. further showed hermaphroditic reproduction and elevated population growth at high temperature, demonstrating its temperature accommodation and thermal superiority. The third species L. biformis was hard to be cultured in laboratory, and its temperature-independent life history characters suggested that this sympatric branchiopod might be influenced by other factors in addition to temperature.

参考文献 ( 228 ) 〈TOP〉

Allan, E. L., P. W. Froneman, and A. N. Hodgson. 2006. Effects of temperature and salinity on the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of the caridean shrimp Palaemon peringueyi. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 337:103-108.
连结：
Alonso, M., and H. Naganawa. 2008. A new fairy shrimp Galaziella murae (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from Mongolia. Journal of biological research - Thessaloniki 10:119-128.
连结：
Angilletta, M. J., Jr., and A. E. Dunham. 2003. The temperature-size rule in ectotherms: Simple evolutionary explanations may not be general. The American naturalist 162:332-342.
连结：
Angilletta, M. J., Jr., T. D. Steury, and M. W. Sears. 2004. Temperature, growth rate, and body size in ectotherms: fitting pieces of a life-history puzzle. Integrative and comparative biology 44:498-509.
连结：
Artieri, C. G., W. Haerty, and R. S. Singh. 2009. Ontogeny and phylogeny: molecular signatures of selection, constraint, and temporal pleiotropy in the development of Drosophila. BMC biology 7:1-14.
连结：

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