植物工廠低鉀茼蒿與芝麻菜栽培模式之建立

莊程亘

doi:10.6342/NTU201701481

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植物工厂低钾茼蒿与芝麻菜栽培模式之建立

Development of model for low-potassium garland chrysanthemum and rocket production in plant factory

庄程亘 , 硕士　　导师：林淑怡　　

英文 DOI： 10.6342/NTU201701481

钾；慢性肾脏病；茼蒿；芝麻菜； potassium ； chronic kidney disease ； garland chrysanthemum ； rocket

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (63) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

限制钾摄取量对慢性肾脏病患而言是必要的，因钾摄取过多可能会造成高血钾症并危及性命。因此，我们试验目的为开发植物工场低钾蔬菜栽培模式。茼蒿 (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) 为台湾常见蔬菜。根据美国农业部报导，茼蒿每100公克新鲜叶片含567毫克钾。首先，我们选取大叶种茼蒿[ “世文虎耳大叶”（“Shr-Wen” ）与“农友茼蒿”（“HV-255”）]与裂叶种茼蒿 [“富士”（“Fuji”）、 “世昌“（“Shr-Cheng”） 与 ”农友山茼蒿“（“HV-293”）]於植物工场中进行栽培，以筛选出适合於植物工场中生长之栽培种。大叶种中， “HV-255”具有较高产量，而与 “Shr-Wen”於叶片品质与钾含量上无显着差异；而裂叶种间，产量、钾含量与多数叶片品质於三种栽培种间是相似的，但“Fuji”具有较低之硝酸盐含量及较高之类胡萝卜素含量。因此，我们选取大叶种“HV-255”与裂叶种 “Fuji”作为後续试验材料，并以李(Lee)、康乃尔 (Cornell) 、山崎氏(Yamasaki)及Ogawa养液配方进行水耕栽培。结果显示山崎氏养液配方栽培之茼蒿具有高可溶性固形物及高类胡萝卜素含量特性。进一步将山崎氏养液配方钾浓度降低至原本1/2或1/4来栽培茼蒿，结果显示茼蒿栽培在1/4 K浓度山崎氏养液配方可显着降低茼蒿叶片钾浓度，且对产量与叶片多数品质影响不大。最後，两个栽培种之茼蒿以1/4 K养液栽培，并处理不同之恒定根温 (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 30°C)。 “HV-255”於不同根温处理时并无造成叶片品质的差异；而於 “Fuji”的部分，除了硝酸盐含量与相对水分含量外，大部分之叶片分析上亦无显着差异。两个栽培种之最低钾含量皆出现在30°C根温处理时。芝麻菜为常见之沙拉生菜，因其叶片具强烈芝麻香气闻名。美国农业部显示每100公克芝麻菜叶片含有369毫克钾。试验一我们筛选芝麻菜适合养液配方，结果显示不同养液处理间叶片钾浓度及多数品质间无显着差异，但Ogawa 配方栽培之芝麻菜具较高之产量。之後进一步调整Ogawa配方钾浓度由1/1 K降至1/2 K、1/4 K、1/8 K、1/16 K，结果显示叶片钾含量以1/8 K处理为最低，且1/8 K叶片多数品质与对照组(1/1 K)相似，但1/8 K之可贩售产量低於1/1 K。 试验三以1/1 K与1/8 K养液隔周施用(Alternated frequency 1, AF1)，或1/1 K与1/8 K隔周施用并於最後10天使用1/8 K配方(Alternated frequency 2, AF2)进行处理，以AF2处理之叶片钾浓度最低且TSS含量上升，且多数品质都与1/1 K无显着差异，但产量与类胡萝卜素降低。试验四以芝麻菜生长於1/8 K养液配方搭配恒定根温 (25°C 、30°C°与35°C)及变动根温(25°C到35°C) 。结果显示除硝酸盐与可溶性固形物外，不同根温处理之植物於多数叶片品质分析上并无显着差异；但30°C与35°C根温处理之产量较变动根温与恒定根温25°C处理低。於元素分析上变动根温处理之植株钾含量则是最低。总结来说，“农友茼蒿”（“HV-255”）与“富士“（“Fuji”）为植物工场适合栽培的茼蒿栽培种，且以1/4 K之Yamazaki 配方配合30°C根温处理栽培茼蒿其叶片具有最低的钾浓度。另一方面，芝麻菜则以Ogawa 养液搭配 AF2之施用频率，或是以1/8 K搭配变动根温处理可有效降低叶片钾浓度。

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Limitation on amount of potassium (K) uptake is necessary for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients since excess potassium uptake may lead to hyperkalemia and endanger life. Hence, purpose of our study is to develop model for low-potassium vegetables cultivation in plant factory. Garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) is a common crop in Taiwan and contains 576 mg K per 100 g fresh leaf based on data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). First, large-leaf type (‘HV-255’ and ‘Shr-Wen’) and deeply-lobed leaf type (‘Fuji’, ‘Shr-Chang’ and ‘HV-293’) cultivars of garland chrysanthemum were chosen for selecting suitable cultivar grown in plant factory. In large-leaf type, ‘HV-255’ possessed higher yield and similar quality and potassium concentration in leaf, as compared to ‘Shr-Wen’. In lobed-leaf type, yield, potassium concentration and most quality in leaf were similar among three cultivars, but ‘Fuji’ had the lower nitrate content and the higher carotenoid content than the other two cultivars. Hence, ‘HV-255’ and ‘Fuji’ were selected and cultured in nutrient solutions of Lee, Cornell, Yamasaki and Ogawa formula. The results showed that plants cultured in Yamasaki formula possessed higher total soluble solid (TSS) and carotenoid content. Next, K concentration in Yamasaki formula was further reduced to 1/2 K or 1/4 K for cultivation. Plants grown under 1/4 K treatment greatly reduced leaf K concentration but not affected yield and most leaf quality. Finally, plants of two cultivars grown under 1/4 K condition were treated with constant root-zone temperature (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 30°C). ‘HV-255’ showed no distinct change on leaf quality among different treatments. And similar pattern displayed in ‘Fuji’ except for nitrate content and relative moisture content. The lowest K concentration in both cultivars appeared on plants under 30°C treatment. Rocket (Eruca sativa) is a common vegetable for salad and famous for its strong sesame flavor in leaf. Rocket contains 369 mg of K per 100 g fresh weight of leaf based on data from USDA. In first experiment, we selecting suitable formula for rockets. The results showed that no difference on leaf K concentration and most investigated leaf qualities among treatments. However, plants grown under Ogawa nutrient solution possessed higher yield. Next, K concentration of Ogawa formula was reduced from 1/1 K to 1/2 K, 1/4 K, 1/8 K and 1/16 K. The lowest K concentration of leaf was found in 1/8 K treatment, which rendered most leaf qualities comparing to the control (1/1 K), but made marketable yield to be lower than the control (1/1 K). In experiment III, two frequencies were used:  1/1 K formulation alternated 1/8 K each week during cultivation period (Alternated frequency 1, AF1) and elongated 1/8 K applied time of AF1 at last 10 days before harvest as Alternated frequency 2 (AF2) . The lowest K concentration of leaf was found in AF2 treatment, which decreased on the yield and carotenoid content, increased the TSS content, but no differences on most investigated qualities of leaf comparing to the control (1/1 K). In forth experiment, rockets grew under 1/8 K nutrient solution with constant root-zone temperature (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) and alternated temperature (25°C-35°C). The results showed that except for nitrate and TSS content, plants treated with different root-zone temperatures displayed no difference on most investigated quality index; but yield of plants treated with 30°C and 35°C was lower than those treated with alternated temperature and 25°C treatments. In elemental analysis, plants treated with alternated temperature treatment displayed the lowest K concentration compared to those with other root-zone treatments. In conclusion, ‘HV-255’ and ‘Fuji’ are suitable cultivars of garland chrysanthemum for cultivation in plant factory. Moreover, plants grown under 1/4 K of Yamazaki nutrient formula and treated with 30°C root-zone temperature possessed lower potassium concentration in their leaves. On other hands, rockets grown under Ogawa formula and treated with AF2 or grown under 1/8 K treatments combined with alternated temperature would efficient reduction on potassium concentration in leaf.

参考文献 ( 63 ) 〈TOP〉

高德铮. 2010. 影响蔬菜中硝酸盐含量之探讨. 台中区农业改良场特刊. 105: 234 – 239.
连结：
陈世铭、方炜、罗筱凤、曹幸之、张耀乾、廖国基、颜炳郎、蔡兆胤. 2011. 台湾植物工厂现况与栽培策略之分析. 农业机械学刊. 20: 95-106.
连结：
Chen, S. M., Fang, W., Lo, S. F., Tsao, S.J., Chang, Y.C., Liao, K.C., Yen, P. L., Tsai, C. Y. 2011. Current status and development strategies of plant factory in Taiwan. Journal of Agricultural Machinery. 20(4), 95-106.
连结：
刘冠伶. 2011. 植物工厂量产低硝酸盐莴苣之研究. 台湾大学生物产业机电工程学研究所学位论文. 台北.
连结：
Ahn, S.J., R. Shin, and D.P. Schachtman. 2004. Expression of KT/KUP genes in Arabidopsis and the role of root hairs in K+ uptake. Plant Physiol 134:1135-45.
连结：

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