熱機製程對高矽雙相鋼之顯微結構暨奈米析出物行為影響探討

王啟任

doi:10.6342/NTU201603491

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热机制程对高矽双相钢之显微结构暨奈米析出物行为影响探讨

The Effect of TMCP on Microstructure and Nano-precipitation Behavior in High Silicon Containing Dual Phase Steels

王启任 , 硕士　　导师：杨哲人　　

繁体中文 DOI： 10.6342/NTU201603491

穿透式电子显微镜；奈米析出物；双相钢；矽；热机制程； Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) ； Nano-precipitation ； Dual phase steel ； Silicon ； TMCP

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (101) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

摘要
    随着能源议题日益受到重视，汽车之结构件亦趋复杂。汽车产业致力发展之材料必须不只拥有轻且强的优良性质，在加工方面还要能够兼具优良之成形性及焊接性等；於成本考量下不仅要便宜，也要方便透过热处理等方式控制材料显微结构及机械性能以因应不同部件之不同强度、延展性等需求。双相钢於1970年代初入产业，其发展从未停滞，至今，透过工程师及科学家的努力，其性能仍然不断提升。双相钢虽具有优良之机械性能与高加工硬化率，但因两相间之强度差异使得应变分布不均匀，使之在承受应力时，容易在相界处产生裂孔。倘若能强化肥粒铁减少两相强度差异，便得以提高降伏强度、扩孔性与非均匀变形区段之延展性。透过添加钛(Ti)铌(Nb)钒(V)等利於形成碳化物之合金元素，以形成奈米析出物来强化肥粒铁减少两相间强度差异乃双相钢发展之一大趋势。
    在热轧钢板之产线上，热机处理(TMCP)可谓最重要之制程，其控制轧延的目的不单单只为了减薄材料，透过良好的设计还能够同时达到晶粒细化提高材料性质之优点，但在控制轧延的过程中包含了许多甚为复杂的物理及冶金反应将影响材料的微结构发展与完轧後之性能。
    本研究的核心概念是透过添加钛(Ti)来形成奈米析出物强化肥粒铁，并透过模拟热轧之参数过程以及高矽低矽材料来了解最终形成双相组织之肥粒铁强度暨显微结构之关系 
    实验第一部分为探讨沃斯田铁化温度之影响，沃斯田铁化温度对於钛形成奈米析出物之行为有决定性的影响。降低沃斯田铁化温度虽然会形成较小的沃斯田铁母相晶粒，最终可以形成小至2-4 um大小的肥粒铁晶粒，但会使得肥粒铁之强度较弱，有两个原因会造成此结果，首先，较低沃斯田铁化温度会容易在沃斯田铁化过程中生成较为粗大化的析出物；其次，低沃斯田铁化温度无法将原材之钛碳化析出物重新固溶，这样的情况会使得原本预计在两相区持温析出的较小析出物受到抑制，藉由TEM及SEM的观察能够解析出肥粒铁内不同沃斯田铁化温度下之奈米析出物的大小及分布，此外在高沃斯田铁化温度的条件下才有界面析出物的发现。
    实验第二部分为探讨不同热轧温度对於析出物之影响，在实际的产线上并不会只在某一特定的温度轧延，但是对於奈米析出物强化双相钢来说，这是重要的，在高温轧延的过程中会产生较大型的高温析出物，此析出物的成长与在两相区温度中所形成的界面析出物或是过饱和析出物之间为竞争关系，简而言之高温钛碳化物在热轧阶段的析出行为对於钢材最终性质具有决定性的影响。必须透过微硬度测试以及TEM的观察来分析析出物在不同轧延条件下之情形，研究发现轧延过程不宜在高温停留过久而且热轧温度应较高，否则肥粒铁之微硬度会下降。
    实验第三部分为矽含量的差异，矽能够提高Ar3、固溶强化、排碳加速肥粒铁相变态等有相当多元的效果，再混合热机制程与双相钢之热处理，有许多有趣的现象出现。提高Ar3会使得我们将材料加热至沃斯田铁化温度後晶粒较小，所以高矽材料在生成肥粒铁後仍拥有晶粒细化的效果；固溶强化方面，根据过往经验及文献，1wt%的矽能为300HV左右的肥粒铁带来30HV左右的强度提升；而作为与碳互相排斥的元素，它能够加速肥粒铁的相变态，也会促进碳化物之析出，在本研究中透过微硬度测试以及两阶段热压之软化绿实验针对矽的影响做综合性的讨论，实验发现高矽导致了钛碳化物在轧延阶段的粗大化，而不利於奈米析出物的强化作用。

并列摘要〈TOP〉

ABSTRACT
As the issues of energy become more important and the structural members in automobile become more complicated. The materials developed in the automobile industry have to be not only light and strong but also need great formability and weldability. Based on cost consideration and the convenience of controlling the microstructure and mechanical behavior of materials by heat treatment to adapt to the different strength, ductility demands in different part in automobile. The development of DP steels was never stopped since it was showed up in industrial application in 1970s. The performance and properties have been improved continually by the effort of scientists and engineers until now. Although dual phase steel has great mechanical properties and high work hardenability, there is a large strength difference between two phases which makes strain not uniformly distributed. This problem results in the crack formed at the interface of two phases when the steel suffered stress. Strengthening ferrite can reduce the strength difference between two phases and enhance yield strength, hole expansion ratio and the elongation of non-uniform plasticity deformation region. One of the trend in the DP development is that adding Nb,Ti,V to form nano-carbides to enhance ferrite strength and reduce the strength difference between two phases. 
   Thermo-Mechanical control process (TMCP) is the most important process in the production line of hot-rolled strip. The purpose of well-designed controlled rolling process is not only for the thickness reason but also can refine the grain size and control microstructure to reach a better mechanical properties of materials. However, there is still a lot of complicated physical and metallurgical phenomenon to influence the properties and performance of materials after TMCP.
   Adding titanium to form nano-precipitates to strengthen ferrite is the core concept in this research. In addition, the parameters of s controlled rolling simulation and the silicon content effect on the microstructure and the behavior of nano-precipitates in ferrite will be discuss in this research.
    In the first section, the effect of austenitizing temperature will be discussed. Austenitizing temperature has a decisive influence on the behavior of precipitates of titanium carbides. Although lower austenitizing temperature can make smaller prior austenite grain and formed smaller ferrite grain about 2-4μm, it caused softer ferrite matrix. There are two possible reasons, first, coarser precipitates formed in the austenitizing process when austenitizing temperature is low; and second, the titanium carbide which existed in the material as received didn’t dissolve in the austenite matrix.  These reasons inhibited the precipitation behavior of titanium carbides which is formed in the temperature of two phase region. Analyzing the size and distribution of carbides in ferrite by the observation of TEM and SEM. In addition, there is no interphase precipitation was observed in low austenitizing temperature condition.
    In the second section, the effect of temperature and time of hot rolling on the precipitation behavior will be discussed. The temperature is not controlled at specific numeric value in the actual rolling process, but the rolling temperature is important to the nano-precipitates strengthened dual phase steel. Larger precipitates formed in the high temperature rolling process has competitive relationship with smaller precipitates which is formed in the temperature of two phase region. In brief, the precipitation behavior of titanium carbides in the high temperature rolling process has a decisive influence on the final property of steels. The behavior of nano-precipitates under different rolling condition was analyzed by the microhardness test and TEM observation. This research found that the time during rolling process should be short and the rolling temperature should be high, or the hardness of ferrite will be low.

In the third section, the effect of silicon content will be discussed. Silicon has a lot of interesting effect on the TMCP and heat treatment of dual phase steel, including raising Ar3, solid solution strengthening, accelerating the phase transformation of ferrite. Raising Ar3 makes austenite grain size smaller after materials be heated to austenitizing temperature. This effect also caused smaller grain size of ferrite. In the aspect of solid solution strengthening, 1wt% of silicon can offer 30HV hardness to ferrite based on past experience. As an element which is incompatible with carbon, silicon can accelerate the phase transformation of ferrite and promote the precipitation of carbide. Microhardness test and two stages hot deformation test which used to estimate softening ratio will be used to analyze the comprehensive influence of silicon in this research. It was found that high silicon caused the coarsening of Titanium carbide at the rolling stage which is unfavorable to the nano-precipitation strengthening.

Key words:  Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), Nano-precipitation, Dual phase steel, Silicon, TMCP

参考文献 ( 101 ) 〈TOP〉

[3] A.I. Fernandez, B. Lopez, J.M.RodriguezIbabe, Scr. Mater. 40 (2000) 543–549.
连结：
[4] Bahman Mirzakhani, Mohammad Taghi Salehi, Shahin Khoddam, Seyed Hosein Seyedein, and Mohammad Reza Aboutalebi ,JMEPEG (2009) 18:1029–1034
连结：
[7] Chen CY, Yen HW, Kao FH (2009) Precipitation hardening of high-strength low-alloy steels by nanometer-sized carbides. Mater Sci Eng A 499:162–166.
连结：
[8] Chen CY, Chen CC, Yang JR (2014) Microstructure characterization of nanometer carbides heterogeneous precipitation in Ti-Nb and Ti-Nb-Mo steel. Mater Charact 88:69–79.
连结：
[12]H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, and R.W.K. Honeycombe, Steels. microstructure and properties . 2006, Boston , Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann
连结：

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