利用掃描器法調查臺灣中部孟宗竹林及柳杉林之細根動態

陳至威

doi:10.6342/NTU201702186

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利用扫描器法调查台湾中部孟宗竹林及柳杉林之细根动态

Measurements of Fine Root Dynamics with Optical Scanner Method in a Moso Bamboo and a Japanese Cedar Forests, Central Taiwan

陈至威 , 硕士　　导师：久米朋宣　　

英文 DOI： 10.6342/NTU201702186

细根；孟宗竹；柳杉；季节变异；空间变异；土壤呼吸；影响因子； fine root ； Moso bamboo ； Japanese cedar ； seasonal variation ； spatial variation ； soil respiration ； controlling factor

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摘要 │ 参考文献 (88) │ 国际计量

摘要〈TOP〉

细根是植物吸收水分、养分的重要构造，扮演着碳在植物与土壤间流动的重要路径。细根生物量、生长量及死亡量具有时间与空间变异的特性并容易受到环境与生物因子的影响，在各种森林中的研究有助於了解地下碳循环对於周围环境改变的反应。近年来孟宗竹林扩张至周围森林(例如：柳杉林)的现象可能会影响区域碳循环，已受到亚洲国家关注。但过往研究多仅局限於地上部，尚缺乏对於细根动态的研究，可归因於野外调查困难度高。近年亦发展出扫描器法，能够以较大的视野观察细根，因此被认为具有潜力能够应用在野外调查，但仍缺少研究以证实其适用性。
本研究目的为发展扫描器观测细根动态的方法，并调查台湾中部孟宗竹林及柳杉林的细根生物量、生长量、死亡分解量的时间与空间变异特性及其影响因子，以了解这两种森林地下碳循环的差异。此研究分别讨论：一、发展扫描器法於孟宗竹林及柳杉林的应用方法；二、了解孟宗竹林及柳杉林细根生物量、生长量、死亡分解量的时间变异与空间变异特性；三、检测细根生物量、生长量、死亡分解量的时间变异与空间变异影响因子；四、推估细根生物量、年生长量、年死亡分解量及置换速率；五、了解细根动态对地下碳动态(例如：土壤呼吸速率) 於时间变异上的影响。
此研究於2015年12月在溪头实验林的孟宗竹林长期样区埋设六个压克力观察箱，此样区会於每年5月进行竹杆位置的量测。2016年1月和2月沿着两棵柳杉的两个不同方向分别在距离树干1公尺及2公尺处共埋设八个压克力观察箱。在压克力观察箱埋设後开始至2017年3月，每个月一至二次以扫描器法收集影像并同时测量相关的影响因子(土壤温度、土壤湿度、叶面积指数)及土壤呼吸速率。在进行野外试验之前，透过标准化影像分析过程，八位人员分析同组影像以评量人员的影像分析能力差异；结果显示人为误差仅约10 %。亦透过影像中的像素数量与细根乾重的关系建立回归式，可将扫描器获得的影像资料由2-D资讯转换成根生物量。
在测量期间，孟宗竹林、柳杉林细根生物量约在压克力箱埋设後7个月趋於稳定。孟宗竹林细根生长量及死亡分解量高峰时间较柳杉林早发生，相对高的时期也持续较久；而柳杉林中地被植物细根动态与柳杉的细根动态相似。此外，两种森林的细根生长量与死亡分解量的高峰时间及相对高的时期於各地点不太一致，且细根并非均匀地分布在各个测量地点。两种森林的垂直空间分布，细根生物量、年生长及死亡分解量在上层土壤 (0-10公分深处) 及下层土壤 (10-20公分深处) 的分布皆无明显差异。在柳杉林中，距离柳杉树干的远近对细根生物量、年生长量及年死亡分解量的分布没有影响。
时间变异上，土壤温度与孟宗竹林细根生物量、年生长及死亡分解量呈现显着正相关，但与柳杉林细根生物量则是显着负相关。土壤湿度与叶面积指数并无发现明显关系。林分结构在特定距离与细根生物量的空间分布负相关性虽然不高，但细根生物量与细根生长、死亡分解量有显着正相关，因此仍可能对细根生物量的空间变异产生影响。
本研究中细根生物量与细根年生长、死亡分解量及置换速率分别为孟宗竹林 (290 g m-2, 429 g m-2 yr-1, 147 g m-2 yr-1, 1.48 times yr-1)；柳杉林 (126 g m-2, 151 g m-2 yr-1, 25 g m-2 yr-1, 1.20 times yr-1)，地被植物细根生物量、年生长及死亡分解量的贡献约占50%。孟宗竹林细根生物量与细根年生长、死亡分解量及置换速率都高於柳杉林，此种趋势与前人研究之结果相符。
孟宗竹林细根生物量与土壤呼吸速率在时间变异上显着正相关，因此细根生物量上升暗示着可能会对土壤呼吸速率有一定程度影响，但此趋势在柳杉林中较不明显。
总体来说，孟宗竹林相对於柳杉林输入更多碳至细根中，此独特的特性可能使其细根动态对土壤呼吸速率在时间变异上有显着的影响。

并列摘要〈TOP〉

Fine roots are responsible for resource acquisition (water, nutrients) in plants, which play important role in belowground carbon (C) cycle. As fine roots baiomass, production, and decompositon vary with season and locations, studying fine root dynamics in various vegetation types is crucial to know how belowground C cycle responsed to local environment. In recent years, invasion of Moso bamboo to surrounding forests (e.x., Japanese cedar) had been noticed in Asian countries, which might change belowground C cycle. However, few studies investigated fine root dynbamics in Moso bamboos resulting from difficulty of measurements. Recently, a new method, optical scanner method had been developed, which might have high applicability with larg viewing area. On the other hand, still few studies tested the method in forests.
Hence, the aims of this study were 1) to develop methodology of scanner method in Moso bamboo (MBF) and Japanese cedar (JCF) forests, 2) to clarify the temporal and spatial variation of fine root dynamics, 3) to examine factors determining temporal and spatial variation of fine root dynamics, 4) to estimate fine root biomass (FRB), annual fine root production (AFRP), annual fine root decomposition (AFRD), and turnover (FTR), and 5) to understand the effect of fine root dynamics on belowground C cycle such as soil respiration (Rs).
The 6 scan boxes were installed at December 2015 in a long-term study plot of MBF, in which each culm position was recorded every year. The 8 scan boxes were installed at January and February 2016 around two Japanese cedar trees with the distance of 1 and 2 m from each target tree along the two directions. After the box installation, fine root measurements with the scanner method were conducted immediatedly in both stands until March 2017. The controlling factors including soil temperature, soil water content, and leaf area indices were measured concurrently with scan image acquisition; soil respiration rate was also measured concurrently. 
Before the field measurements, the degree of human error in manual root extraction from scan images were tested by conducting the manual root tracking by 8 observers based on a standardized image processing procedure. This study confirmed human error of root extraction could be around 10 %. Also, to transform scanned pixel data to root biomass, the relationships were derived from projected root area and the corresponding dry biomass.
During this study period, FRB had been stabilized approximately 7 months later at both stands since the box installation. FRP and FRD of MBF peaked earlier than those of JCF. Besides, the durations of high FRP and FRD values in MBF was longer than those of JCF. In JCF, the temporal variations in fine root dynamics of understory plant was almost same as that of tree roots. Moreover, we found the significant spatial variation of fine root dynamics at both stands, indicating the peak timing and duration with high values were not similar among locations. The vertical distribution of FRB, AFRP and AFRD were not distinctive in the comparisons between the upper (0-10 cm) and lower (10-20 cm) soil layer in MBF and JCF. In JCF, distances from the target trees did not affect FRB, AFRP, and AFRD.
Ts was the main controlling factor of fine root dynamics which was positively correlated with temporal variations in FRB, FRP and FRD of MBF, although Ts was negatively correlated with FRB of JCF. Mostly, we found no relationships between SWC, LAI, and fine root dynamics. In the spatial variations, stand structure within specific distance and FRB in MBF showed weak negative correlation. Further, FRB in MBF was spatially correlated with FRP and FRD, suggesting the stand structure might affect the spatial variation of FRB, FRP and FRD in MBF.
FRB, AFRP, AFRD and FTR were 290 g m-2, 429 g m-2yr-1, 147 g m-2 yr-1, 1.48 times yr-1 in MBF, respectively. In contrast, FRB, AFRP, AFRD and FTR were 126 g m-2, 151 g m-2 yr-1, 25 g m-2 yr-1, 1.20 times yr-1 in JCF. Understory plant roots accounted for about 50% of FRB, AFRP, AFRD in JCF. MBF had larger FRB, AFRP, AFRD and FTR than those of JCF in this study. The tendency was also confirmed in previous studies.
This study also indicated Rs was positively correlated with the temporal variation of FRB in MBF but not found obvious relationship in JCF. Therefore, it seems that fine root dynamics may affect the temporal pattern of Rs in MBF with large FRB, AFRP, and AFRD than JCF. MBF invested much C to root biomass than that of JCF. The unique characteristics might lead to strong impact of fine root dynamics on the temporal variation of Rs.

参考文献 ( 88 ) 〈TOP〉

Abramoff, R. Z., & Finzi, A. C. (2015). Are above‐and below‐ground phenology in sync. New Phytologist, 205(3), 1054-1061.
连结：
Bellamy, P. H., Loveland, P. J., Bradley, R. I., Lark, R. M., & Kirk, G. J. (2005). Carbon losses from all soils across England and Wales 1978–2003. Nature, 437(7056), 245-248.
连结：
Boone, R. D., Nadelhoffer, K. J., Canary, J. D., & Kaye, J. P. (1998). Roots exert a strong influence on the temperature sensitivityof soil respiration. Nature, 396(6711), 570-572.
连结：
Bond-Lamberty, B., & Thomson, A. (2010). Temperature-associated increases in the global soil respiration record. Nature, 464(7288), 579-582.
连结：
Cannell, M. G. (1982). World forest biomass and primary production data.
连结：

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