論護理人員的神聖工作使命—天道性命相貫通

A Chinese Philosophical Foundation for the Sacred Mission of Nurses: The Ways of Heaven and Life are Correlated

10.6224/JN.63.4.100

李美秀(Mei-Hsiu Lee)

護理 ； 神聖工作 ； 道德心 ； 張載 ； 儒家 ； nursing ； sacred tasks ； conscience ； Zhang Tsai ； Confucian

護理雜誌

63卷4期（2016 / 08 / 01）

100 - 106

繁體中文

臨床護理實務是對遭受災難、生病而致身心受苦的人，運用護理專業知能、同理心、道德判斷等，使其從苦痛中解脫，故護理工作具神聖的使命。依儒家的義理，道德的實踐乃表現於日常行動中，而護理人員於面對病人時，湧起不忍之心，傾盡專業知能去照護病人，正是道德心的展現。北宋學者張載提出著名的「天道性命相貫通」論點，正可適切地說明護理的神聖工作使命。張載認為道德心是人人本有的，是上天賦予的，只是人易受感官私欲所牽絆而不顯現，需靠「修養」以展現道德心。近期的國外文獻已廣泛地討論護理的價值與意義，以及如何促進道德能力，這些對張載的「天道」與「性命」之相關，提供了許多支持性的論點，期使護理人員提升自我的價值感，使病人得到合適的照護。

Clinical nursing practice uses professional nursing techniques, empathy, and moral judgment to help relieve the pain of patients who are suffering physically or mentally from trauma or illness. Thus, nursing involves sacred tasks. According to Confucian reasoning, morality is expressed through everyday actions. Providing care to patients arouses concern and sympathy in the caregiver, which induces him or her to fully apply professional knowledge to this task. This conduct demonstrates the moral conscience of nurses. The Chinese adage ＂Tian-tao hsing-ming hsiang kuan tung＂ (the way of heaven and life are correlated), attributed to Northern Song dynasty scholar Zhang Tsai, aptly explains the sacred mission of the nursing profession. Zhang held that all humans are born with a conscience that is given by heaven. However, human senses and desires may suppress this conscience. As Zhang Tsai suggested, the conscience must be cultivated in order to be manifested. The increase in recent years of international academic discussion / research related to the value and meaning of nursing and of exploration into how to promote the moral competence of nurses, not only provide support to Zhang’s argument that ＂tian-tao＂ and ＂hsing-ming＂ are correlated but also provide positive momentum toward enhancing the self-worth of nurses and enabling patients to receive better care.

1. 陳政揚(2005)。論莊子與張載的「氣」概念。東吳哲學學報，12，127-166。
   連結：
2. 陳政揚(2008)。張載「大心」說析論。東吳哲學學報，17，11-36。
   連結：
3. American Nurses Association. (2015b). Code of ethics for nurses. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/codeofethics
4. Sacred. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sacred
5. International Council of Nurses. (2014). Definition of nursing. Retrieved from http://www.icn.ch/who-we-are/icndefinition-of-nursing/
6. American Nurses Association. (2015a). What is nursing? Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/EspeciallyForYou/What-is-Nursing/default.aspx
7. American Nurses Association. (2011). Influence of the environment on moral virtues and values. Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/provision-6
8. Coopamah, P. V.,Khan, E. U.(2011).Implications of Confucian learning on nurse education in the UK: A discussion.Nurse Education Today,31(1),43-47.
9. Donovan, R. O.,Doody, O.,Lyons, R.(2013).The effect of stress on health and its implications for nursing.British Journal of Nursing,22(16),969-973.
10. Horton, K.,Tschudin, V.,Forget, A.(2007).The value of nursing: A literature review.Nursing Ethics,14(6),716-740.
11. Kim, S. H.(2005).Confucian bioethics and cross-cultural considerations in health care decision-making.Journal of Nursing Law,10(3),161-166.
12. Koh, E. K.,Koh, C. K.(2008).Caring for older adults: The parables in Confucian texts.Nursing Science Quarterly,21(4),365-368.
13. Lee, S.(2015).A concept analysis of 'meaning in work' and its implications for nursing.Journal of Advanced Nursing,71(10),2258-2267.
14. Lee, S. C.(2015).Intimacy and family consent: A Confucian ideal.Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,40(4),418-436.
15. Lim, M. K.(2012).Values and health care: The Confucian dimension in health care reform.The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,37(6),545-555.
16. Malloy, D. C.,Fahey-McCarthy, E.,Murakami, M.,Lee, Y.,Choi, E.,Hirose, E.,Hadjistavropoulos, T.(2015).Finding meaning in the work of nursing: An international study.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,20(3)
17. McLeod-Sordjan, R.(2014).Evaluating moral reasoning in nursing education.Nursing Ethics,21(4),473-483.
18. Monteverde, S.(2014).Undergraduate healthcare ethics education, moral resilience, and the role of ethical theories.Nursing Ethics,21(4),385-401.
19. Ozcan, C. T.,Oflaz, F.,Bakir, B.(2012).The effect of a structured empathy course on the students of a medical and a nursing school.International Nursing Review,59(4),532-538.
20. Penprase, B.,Oakley, B.,Ternes, R.,Driscoll, D.(2013).Empathy as a determining factor for nursing career selection.The Journal of Nursing Education,52(4),192-197.
21. Potash, J. S.,Ho, A. H. Y.,Chan, F.,Wang, X. L.,Cheng, C.(2014).Can art therapy reduce death anxiety and burnout in end-of-life care workers? A quasi-experimental study.International Journal of Palliative Nursing,20(5),233-240.
22. Rudolfsson, G.,Berggren, I.,da Silva, A. B.(2014).Experiences of spirituality and spiritual values in the context of nursing: An integrative review.The Open Nursing Journal,8,64-70.
23. Snellman, I.,Gedda, K. M.(2012).The value ground of nursing.Nursing Ethics,19(6),714-726.
24. Tuckett, A.(2015).Speaking with one voice: A study of the values of new nursing graduates and the implications for educator.Nurse Education in Practice,15(4),258-264.
25. Wolf, Z. R.(1986).Nurses' work: The sacred and the profane.Holistic Nursing Practice,1(1),29-35.
26. Woodhead, E. L.,Northrop, L.,Edelstein, B.(2016).Stress, social support, and burnout among long-term care nursing staff.Journal of Applied Gerontology,35(1),84-105.
27. Yang, W. P.,Chen, C. H.,Chao, C. S. C.,Lai, W. S.(2010).Bioethics education for practicing nurses in Taiwan: Confucian-Western clash.Nursing Ethics,17(4),511-521.
28. 王邦雄、曾昭旭、楊祖漢(2003)。論語義理疏解。新北市=New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:鵝湖=Legein。
29. 王邦雄、岑溢成、楊祖漢、高柏園(2005)。中國哲學史。台北市=Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:里仁書局=Lee Zen Book。
30. 王邦雄、岑溢成、楊祖漢、高柏園(2005)。中國哲學史。台北市=Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:里仁書局=Lee Zen Book。
31. 李瑞全(1999)。儒家生命倫理學。新北市=New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:鵝湖=Legein。
32. 李瑞全(2013)。儒家道德規範根源論。新北市=New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:鵝湖=Legein。
33. 范明生(2002)。蘇格拉底及其先期哲學家。台北市=Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:東大圖書=Dong Da Books。
34. 范瑞平(2011)。當代儒家生命倫理學。北京，中國=Peking, PRC:北京大學=Peking University Press。
35. 范瑞平(2010)。構建中國生命倫理學─追求中華文化的卓越性和永恒性。中國醫學倫理學，5，6-8。
36. 范瑞平、王璐穎(2012)。儒家反思平衡：為什麼原則主義理論對於中國生命倫理學具有誤導性。中國醫學倫理學，5，636-639。
37. 楊祖漢(2003)。宋元學案。台北市=Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:時報文化=China Times。
38. 蔡仁厚(2011)。中國哲學史。台北市=Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:台灣學生書局=Taiwan Student Book。
39. 蔡仁厚(2011)。中國哲學史。台北市=Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC:台灣學生書局=Taiwan Student Book。