Shifting Alliances in Late Colonial Indonesia: Tionghoa Peranakan Pre-war Novels

印尼殖民後期變化的忠誠：土生華人戰前小說

10.6184/TKR.201106_41(2).0008

Sim-Chee Cheang

印尼土生華人 ； 小說 ； 荷蘭殖民地 ； 荷蘭東印度 ； Tionghoa peranakan ； novels ； Dutch colonial ； East Indies

Tamkang Review

41卷2期（2011 / 06 / 01）

141 - 164

英文

印尼土生華人（本地出生的華人）咸被認爲是謹慎的忠誠。大量的研究假說指出，種族騷亂經常導致印尼土生華人受欺。通過對文本的分析，尤其是1903年至1910年間所出版有關荷蘭東印度戰前不同忠誠度的小說，本論文揭櫫這些印尼土生華人所做的決定主要是爲了他們的未來及其認同政治。從中國、荷蘭到印尼，既有的歷史和環境因素扮演重要的角色，但抓住不可靠且殘酷的歷史顯然不是一個好的選擇，正如選擇撤回荷蘭亦是不可行。雖然印尼土生華人最終因投靠經濟而向印尼當局表達其忠誠度，小說所展現的移民背景卻表達他們對中國和荷蘭帝國主義的幻滅。

The loyalties of the Tionghoa peranakan (local-born Chinese) in Indonesia has often been considered circumspect. It has been the hypothesis of much research on the reasons for the racial riots that often resulted in the victimisation of the Tionghoa peranakan. This article offers a glimpse of their various loyalties through an analysis of novels that are still available and were written by the Tionghoa peranakan between 1903 and 1910, the pre-war period of the Dutch East Indies. These novels reveal some of the reasons for the Tionghoa peranakan's decisions on their future and Indonesian identity. Factors both historical and pertaining to a migrant milieu played a part in changing their point of reference from China and the Netherlands, to Indonesia. Clinging onto a past that was unreliable and cruel was not a choice just as gravitating towards a retreating Dutch was not feasible. While it appears that the Tionghoa peranakan eventually cast their loyalty with Indonesia for economic reasons, the novels show that their migrant background had resulted in disillusionment with both China and the Dutch imperialists.

1. Ong-Tae-Hae. The Chinaman Abroad; Malayan Archipelago, Particularly of Java. Trans. W.H Medhurst. London: D.D. John Snow, 1850. Print
2. Kuo, Juvenile. Resianja njonya djanda ‘Oeij'. Batavia: Kwee Seng Tjoan, 1924. Print
3. Thio Tjien Boen. Oeij-Se. Solo: Sie Dhian Ho, 1903. Print
4. Gouw Peng Liang. "Lo Fen Koei." Kesastraan Melayu Tionghoa Jil. 1. Jakarta: KPG, 1903. Print.
5. Kuo, Juvenile. Hermine Oen atawa pentjoerian dari sepasang giwang jang berharga 20.000 dollars (samboegan dari tjerita Resianja Njonja Djanda 'Oeij'). Batavia: Kwee Seng Tjoan, 1927. Print.
6. Hauw San Liang. Pembalesan kedji. Soerakarta. N.p., 1907. Print
7. Oei Soei Tiong. Njai Alimah. Solo: Sie Dhian Ho, 1904. Print
8. Tio Ie Soei. Sie Po Giok. N.p.: n.p., 1912. Print
9. Ahmat, Adam(1995).The Vernacular Press and the Emergence of Modern Indonesian Consciousness, 1855-1913.New York:Cornell University South East Asia Program.
10. Ali, A. Wahab(1984).Contact with the West: A Comparative Study on the Role of the Printing Press on the Emergence of the Novel in Modern Literature of Indonesia And Malaysia.Sari,2(2),141-80.
11. Bhabha, Homi K.(1990).Nation and Narration.London:Routledge.
12. Coppel, Charles(1997).Women Creating Indonesia: The First Fifty Years.Clayton:Monash Asia Institute Centre of South East Asian Studies.
13. Coppel, Charles(1983).Indonesian Chinese in Crisis.Kuala Lumpur:Oxford UP.
14. Dahana, A.(2000).Cina vs. Tiongkok dan Tionghoa.Mitra Budaya,4,32-34.
15. Ding Choo Ming(ed.),Ooi Kee Beng(ed.)(2003).Chinese Studies of the Malay World.Singapore:Times Media.
16. Fung Yu-Lan,Bodde, Derk(trans.)(1976).A Short History of Chinese Philosophy.New York:Free P.
17. Gouda, Francis(1995).Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942.Amsterdam:Amsterdam UP.
18. Grief, Stuart William(1988).Indonesians of Chinese Origins: Assimilation and the Goal of One nation-One People.New York:Paragon House.
19. Heidhues, Somers Mary(ed.)(1992).The Chinese of South East Asia.Minority Rights Group: International Report,92(6),12-17.
20. Kratoska, Paul H.(ed.)(2001).South East Asia: Colonial History.London:Routledge.
21. Kwee, John(1972).U of Auckland.
22. Loomba, Ania(1998).Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction.New York:Columbia UP.
23. Nio Joe Lan(1962).Sastera Indonesia-Tionghoa.Jakarta:Gunung Agung.
24. Nio Joe Lan(1961).Peradaban Tionghoa: Selajang Pandang.Djakarta:Keng Po.
25. Purcell, Victor(1951).The Chinese in Southeast Asia.Oxford:Oxford UP.
26. Salmon, Claudine(1984).Sastra Cina Peranakan dalam Bahasa Melayu.Jakarta:Balai Pustaka.
27. Salmon, Claudine(1984).Chinese Women Writers in Indonesia and their View of Female Emancipation.Archipel,28,149-71.
28. Shellabear, Rev. W. G.(1977).An Introduction to the Language of the Straits-born Chinese: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.Centenary Volume: 30 articles selected 1878-1975
29. Siddharta, Myra(2002).Women in Sastra Melayu Tionghoa: Images and Realities.Sari,20,147-56.
30. Somers, Mary F.(1964).Cornell U.
31. Somers, Mary F.(1993).Secret Societies Reconsidered: Perspectives on the Social History of Modern South China and Southeast Asia.New York:M. E. Sharpe.
32. Sumardjo, Jakob(1977).Indonesian Popular Novels.Prisma Indonesian Journal of Social Economic Affairs,33-37.
33. Suryadinata, Leo(1981).Peranakan Chinese Politics in Java 1917-1942.Singapore:Singapre UP.
34. Suryadinata, Leo(1978).Chinese Minority in Indonesia.Singapore:Chopmen Enterprises.
35. Suryadinata, Leo(1997).The Culture of the Chinese Minority in Indonesia.Singapore:Times Book International.
36. Suryadinata, Leo(1996).Sastra Peranakan Tionghoa.Jakarta:Grasindo.
37. Suryadinata, Leo(1993).Chinese Adaptation and Diversity in some ASEAN States: An Introductory Note.Singapore:Singapre UP.
38. Trocki, Carl(2002).Opium and the Beginnings of Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,33(2),297-316.
39. Wang Gungwu(1991).China and the Chinese Overseas.Singapore:Times Academic P.
40. Watson, C. W.(1971).Some Preliminary Remarks on the Antecedents of Modern Indonesian Literature.Bijidragen Deel,127,417-33.
41. Wessling, H. L.(1997).Imperialism and Colonialism Essays on the History of European Expansion.Wesport, CT:Greenwood P.
42. Wilkinson, Sue,Kitzinger, Celia(1996).Representing the Other: A Feminism and Psychology Reader.London:Sage.
43. Williams, Lea(1960).Overseas Chinese Nationalism: The Genesis of the Pan-Chinese Movement in Indonesia, 1900-1916.Glencoe, IL:Free P.
44. Wolff, John U.(1997).Peranakan Chinese Speech and Identity.Indonesia,64,29-44.