市場化的青春：青春作為中介移民打工的社會機制

'Marketized' Adolescents: When Adolescents Become the Social Mediating Mechanism for Migrant Wage Labor

10.6152/jaa.2016.06.0004

方怡潔(I-Chieh Fang)

青春 ； 移民打工 ； 農民工 ； 全球市場 ； 發展 ； adolescents ； migrant workers ； life course ； development ； global market

考古人類學刊

84期（2016 / 06 / 01）

111 - 143

繁體中文

本文試圖透過深圳一家台商廠青年農民工的處境與他們對未來的夢想與決定，來探討青春如何已經成為一種社會機制，合理化了當代中國青無農民工在社會上無處安身、有夢卻找不到路的處境。乍看之下，市場化後的「青春」將越來越朝個人主義發展，強調個人的自由與個體性，但實際上，卻弔詭的成為國家、社會與市場用來合理化社會不平等並馴化青年為其發展計畫服務的社會機制。中國在改革開放之後，市場經濟讓個體的生命歷程又再次經歷了標準化過程，亦即，理想的童年、青年、老年的過程與內涵，及個體在其中所經歷的任務與挑戰都發生改變。做為消費、移民與社會變遷的主體，青年與青春特別被突顯出來。本文將從市場化後青春的內容與任務的轉變談起，從農民工的角度看青春標準化工程如何被經歷。一方面，我耙梳這樣的青春標準化過程如何滲入日常生活的實踐運作裡，把農民工所面臨的「結構性」困境「個人化」。另方面，則呈現青年農民工是如何援引青春的兩面性，來對他們面臨的多重價值矛盾並存的處境「製造意義」。市場化的青春因而扮演了一個不應忽視的中介協調機制，在當代中國變遷社會中，去削弱了青年農民工在面對勞動剝削、政策歧視、以及發展不均時反彈的力道。

After China's reform and opening up, the individual’s life course once again experienced a new standardization process. Specifically, the contents, tasks and challenges over the course of childhood, youth, and old-age have been changed according to the economic rearrangements. As powerful consumers, the main group of migrants and indicators of social changes, youth and adolescents are especially prominent and worthy of attention. This article analyzes the situation of young migrant workers and the ways in which they dream and make decisions about their future in a Taiwanese-owned factory in Shenzhen. It explores how the changing concept of adolescents has become a social mechanism for justifying the marginalization process which has taken place among contemporary Chinese rural youth and their in-between, belong-no-where situations. At first glance, 'marketized adolescents' encourages Chinese youth to become more and more individualistic, emphasizing individual freedom and individuality. But in fact, it is less about the individual’s development and more about the way in which state, society and market justify its change after marketization and obscure the resulting social inequality and discrimination.

1. 陳中 2010 〈 富士康員工抱怨但不離職：薪資比外面好〉。 DoNews ，http://www.donews.com/it/201005/99023.shtm，2010 年 5 月 28 日上線。
2. Bian, Guiping, Zhaoxia Zhang, and Jing Jiao 2010 The Subject Consciousness of New Generation Migrant Workers. Theory Probe: 95-97..
3. Anagnost, Ann(2006).Strange Circulations: The Blood Economy in Rural China.Economy and Society,35(4),509-529.
4. Anagnost, Ann(2004).The Corporeal Politics of Quality (Suzhi).Public Culture,16(2),189-208.
5. Andrews, Julia F.,Shen, Kuiyi(2002).The New Chinese Woman and Lifestyle Magazines in the Late 1990s.Popular China : Unofficial Culture in a Globalizing Society,Lanham, Md.:
6. Bernstein, Elizabeth(2007).Temporarily Yours: Intimacy, Authenticity, and the Commerce of Sex.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
7. Brandtstädter, Susanne(2009).Fakes: Fraud, Value-Anxiety, and the Politics of Sincerity.Ethnographies of Moral Reasoning: Living Paradoxes of a Global Age,New York:
8. Braverman, Harry(2009).Scientific Management.Industrial Work and Life: An Anthropological Reader,London:
9. Buchholz, Sandra,Hofäcker, Dirk,Mills, Melinda ,Blossfeld, Hans-Peter,Kurz, Karin,Hofmeister, Heather(2009).Life Courses in the Globalization Process: The Development of Social Inequalities in Modern Societies.European Sociological Review,25(1),53-71.
10. Burawoy, Michael(1979).Manufacturing Consent : Changes in the Labor Process under Monopoly Capitalism.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
11. Chan, Kam Wing(2010).Fundamentals of China's Urbanization and Policy.The China Review,10(1),63-94.
12. Chen, Rongwu(2010).The Sociological Reflection on Suicide Events of "After 80s, After 90s" New Generation Migrant Workers - Start with Foxconn Series Suicide Events.The Journal of Youth Research,6,79-85.
13. Cole, Jennifer,Durham, Deborah(2008).Introduction: Globalization and the Temporality.Figuring the Future: Globalization and the Temporalities of Children and Youth,Santa Fe, N.M:
14. Duara, Prasenjit(1998).The Regime of Authenticity: Timelessness, Gender, and National History in Modern China.History and Theory,37(3),287-308.
15. Durham, Deborah(2000).Youth and the Social Imagination in Africa: Introduction to Parts 1 and 2.Anthropological Quarterly,73(3),113-120.
16. Durham, Deborah(2008).New Horizons: Youth at the Millennium.Anthropological Quarterly,81(4),945-957.
17. Durham, Deborah(2004).Disappearing Youth: Youth as a Social Shifter in Botswana.American Ethnologist,31(4),589-605.
18. Fei, Xiaotong(1992).From the Soil, The Foundations of Chinese Society: A Translation of Fei Xiaotong's Xiangtu Zhongguo.Berkeley:University of California Press.
19. Fong, Vanessa L.(2007).Parent-Child Communication Problems and the Perceived Inadequacies of Chinese Only-Children.Ethos,35(1),85-127.
20. Frederiksen, Martin Demant,Dalsgård, Anne Line(2013).Out of Conclusion - On Recurrence and Open-endedness in Life and Analysis.Social Analysis,57(1),50-63.
21. Fu, Ping,Huang, Sha sha(2009).Between Dream and Reality: Research on the Relation of the Post-80's Generation of Migrant Workers and Their "Four Worlds".Youth Studies,2009(4),24-33.
22. Furlong, Andy(2006).Not a Very NEET Solution Representing Problematic Labour Market Transitions Among Early School-Leavers.Work Employment & Society,20(3),553-569.
23. Gao, Rongzheng(2010).Focusing on the Issues of "New Generation Migrant Workers".Rural Economy,12,9-12.
24. He, Ruixin,Fu, Huifang(2006).The Change of Values of New Generation Migrant Workers.China Youth Study,4,9-12.
25. Hsu, Francis L. K.(1971).Under the Ancestors' Shadow: Kinship, Personality and Social Mobility in China.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
26. Huang, Jin(2010).The Values Systems of New Generation Migrant Workers.Morality and Civilization,3,90-92.
27. Jacka, Tamara(2006).Rural Women in Urban China: Gender, Migration, and Social Change.Armonk, N.Y.:M.E. Sharpe.
28. Jacka, Tamara(2005).Finding a Place: Negotiations of Modernization and Globalization among Rural Women in Beijing.Critical Asian Studies,37(1),51-74.
29. Jacka, Tamara(1997).Women's Work in Rural China: Change and Continuity in an Era of Reform.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
30. Knight, John,Song, Lina(2005).Towards a Labour Market in China.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
31. Li, Wei-dong(2009).The Study of Adaptation of New Generation Migrant Workers.Social Science of Beijing,4,29-33.
32. Liu, Sian Victoria(2007).Social Positions: Neighborhood Transitions after Danwei Working in China.Ethnographies of Labor and Workplace Transformation,London:
33. MacDonald, Robert(2011).Youth Transitions, Unemployment and Underemployment.Journal of Sociology,47(4),427-444.
34. Murphy, Rachel(2002).How Migrant Labor is Changing Rural China?.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
35. Pun, Ngai(1999).Becoming Dagongmei (Working Girls): The Politics of Identity and Difference in Reform China.The China Journal,42,1-18.
36. Pun, Ngai(2005).Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace.Durham:Duke University Press.
37. Pun, Ngai,Lu, Huilin(2010).Unfinished Proletarianization: Self, Anger, and Class Action among the Second Generation of Peasant-Workers in Present-Day China.Modern China,36(5),493-519.
38. Pun, Ngai,Smith, Chris(2007).Putting Transnational Labour Process in Its Place: The Dormitory Labour Regime in Post-Socialist China.Work, Employment & Society,21(1),27-45.
39. Rofel, Lisa(2007).Desiring China : Experiments in Neoliberalism, Sexuality, and Public Culture.Durham:Duke University Press.
40. Ruddick, Sue(2003).The Politics of Aging: Globalization and the Restructuring of Youth and Childhood.Antipode,35(2),334-362.
41. Solinger, Dorothy J.(1999).Contesting Citizenship in Urban China: Peasant Migrants, the State, and the Logic of the Market.Berkeley:University of California Press.
42. Solinger, Dorothy J.(1999).Citizenship Issues in China's Internal Migration: Comparisons with Germany and Japan.Political Science Quarterly,114(3),455-478.
43. Tu, Weiming(1998).Humanity and Self-cultivation: Essays in Confucian Thought.Boston:Cheng & Tsui Company.
44. Wang, Chunguang(2001).Social Identity of the New Generation of Rural Hobo and Merger of Urban and Rural.Sociological Research,3,63-76.
45. Woon, Yuen-fong(1993).Circulatory Mobility in Post-Mao China: Temporary Migrants in Kaiping County, Pearl River Delta Region.International Migration Review,27(3),578-604.
46. Wu, Hong-yu,Xie, Guo-qiang(2006).The Characteristics, Interests Claims and Role-changing of Workers of New Generation from the Rural: A Survey in Tangxia Town, Dongguan.South China Population,2(21),21-31.
47. Yan, Hairong(2003).Neoliberal Governmentality and Neohumanism: Organizing Suzhi/Value Flow through Labor Recruitment Networks.Cultural Anthropology,18(4),493-523.
48. Yan, Hairong(2003).Spectralization of the Rural: Reinterpreting the Labor Mobility of Rural Young Women in Post-Mao China.American Ethnologist,30(4),578-596.
49. Yan, Yunxiang(2009).Rural Youth and Youth Culture.The individualization of Chinese society,Oxford:
50. Yan, Yunxiang(2003).Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949-1999.Stanford, Calif:Stanford University Press.
51. Yan, Yunxiang(2010).The Chinese Path to Individualization.The British Journal of Sociology,61(3),489-511.
52. Ye, Jingzhong,Pan, Lu(2011).Differentiated Childhoods: Impacts of Rural Labor Migration on Left-Behind Children in China.Journal of Peasant Studies,38(2),355-377.
53. Yu, Xiaomin,Pan, Yi(2008).Consumer Society and Remaking the Subjectivities of "New Generation of Dagongmei".Sociological Studies,3,143-171.
54. Zhang, Huafeng(2010).The Hukou System's Constraints on Migrant Workers' Job Mobility in Chinese Cities.China Economic Review,21(1),51-64.
55. Zhou, Xiao-Hong(1999).Cultural Feedback: Cultural Transition between Parents and their Children in a Changing Society.Yingyong xinli yanjiu,4,29-56.
56. Zhou, Yingying,Han, Hua,Harrell, Stevan(2008).From Labour to Capital: Intra-Village Inequality in Rural China, 1988-2006.The China Quarterly,195,515-534.