高氮排都市氮元素流分析：以臺北市為例

Substance Flow Analysis of Nitrogen in a High-Emission Urban Area: A Case Study of Taipei, Taiwan

10.29417/JCSWC.202203_53(1).0006

李崇恩(Chong-En Li)；郭乃文(Nae-Wan Kuo)

廢水 ； 空氣污染 ； 都市代謝 ； 元素流分析 ； 臺北市 ； wastewater ； air pollution ； urban metabolism ； substance flow analysis ； Taipei

中華水土保持學報

53卷1期（2022 / 03 / 01）

54 - 65

繁體中文

高氮排都市對全球生態的嚴重影響值得深入討論，本文以臺北市（淡水河系流域部分）為研究區，利用都市代謝的概念執行該區域的氮元素流分析，範疇包含空域、陸域、水域三個子系統，依此計算各個來源在排放到出海口的總氮量之中所佔的比例，並根據研究結果討論減排的方法。研究結果可以觀察到：一、臺北市人類活動向大氣排放的通量大於沉降的通量；二、都市農業存在氮肥與飼料並未有效轉換成食物的問題；三、多數含氮廢水被雨水抽水站和溪溝接收後直接排放到河水中，而沒有經過污水處理系統；四、陸域子系統向河水排放的氮通量大於向大氣排放的氮通量；五、應透過都市合作降低排放到河口的總氮量。本文的研究方法與結果期待可以作為後續研究其他高度排放都市的參考，共同努力改善全球氮污染現況。

The potential risks of high-nitrogen-emitting cities to the global ecology are worthy of in-depth study. This study employed the concept of urban metabolism to construct a nitrogen-flow analysis framework for the Tamsui River watershed region of Taipei, Taiwan, that encompassed three subsystems: atmosphere, land, and water. The proportion of the total nitrogen discharged to the sea was calculated, and emission reduction methods were discussed. Five conclusions were drawn from the study. First, the flux emitted by human activities into the atmosphere in Taipei was greater than that resulting from deposition. Second, some nitrogen fertilizers and feeds in urban agriculture were not effectively converted into food. Third, most nitrogen-containing wastewater was received by rainwater pumping stations and discharged into river water without passing through sewage treatment plants. Fourth, the nitrogen flux discharged into river water by the land subsystem was greater than that discharged into the atmosphere. Finally, the total amount of nitrogen discharged to the estuary should be reduced through urban cooperation. The methodology and results of this study may be applicable to follow-up studies on other high-nitrogen-emitting cities and research aiming to alleviate global nitrogen pollution.

1. (2002).The nitrogen cycle at regional to global scales.Springer.
2. (1996).Nitrogen cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean and its watersheds.Springer.
3. Akiyama, T.(1994).Urban metabolism and sustainability.Asian Urban Information Center of Kobe. Newsletter n,17
4. Baccini, P.,Brunner, P.H.(1990).Metabolism of the Anthroposphere: Analysis, evaluation, design.
5. Billen, G.,Garnier, J.(2007).River basin nutrient delivery to the coastal sea: assessing its potential to sustain new production of non-siliceous algae.Marine Chemistry,106(1-2),148-160.
6. Boesch, D.F.(2002).Challenges and opportunities for science in reducing nutrient over-enrichment of coastal eco-systems.Estuaries,25(4),886-900.
7. Brunner, P.H.,Rechberger, H.(2004).Practical handbook of material flow analysis.
8. Cadman, D.(ed.),Payne, G.(ed.)(1990).The living city: Towards a sustainable future.
9. Carpenter, S.R.,Caraco, N.F.,Correll, D.L.,Howarth, R.W.,Sharpley, A.N.,Smith, V.H.(1998).Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen.Ecological applications,8(3),559-568.
10. Coramoner, B.(1971).The Closing Circle.Bantam books.
11. Cui, S.,Shi, Y.,Groffman, P.M.,Schlesinger, W.H.,Zhu, Y.G.(2013).Centennial-scale analysis of the creation and fate of reactive nitrogen in China (1910–2010).Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(6),2052-2057.
12. Diaz, R.J.,Rosenberg, R.(2008).Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems.science,321(5891),926-929.
13. Dumont, E.,Harrison, J.,Kroeze, C.,Bakker, E.,Seitzinger, S.(2005).Global distribution and sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export to the coastal zone: Results from a spatially explicit, global model.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,19(4)
14. Galloway, J.N.,Dentener, F.J.,Capone, D.G.,Boyer, E.W.,Howarth, R.W.,Seitzinger, S.P.,Asner, G.P.,Cleveland, C.C.,Green, P.,Holland, E.A.(2004).Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future.Biogeochemistry,70(2),153-226.
15. Green, P.A.,Vörösmarty, C.J.,Meybeck, M.,Galloway, J.N.,Peterson, B.J.,Boyer, E.W.(2004).Pre-industrial and contemporary fluxes of nitrogen through rivers: a global assessment based on typology.Biogeochemistry,68(1),71-105.
16. Gregory, J. (2006). “Material flow analysis.” Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cambridge, USA.
17. Grimm, N.B.,Faeth, S.H.,Golubiewski, N.E.,Redman, C.L.,Wu, J.,Bai, X.,Briggs, J.M.(2008).Global change and the ecology of cities.science,319(5864),756-760.
18. Grimm, N.B.,Grove, J.G.,Pickett, S.T.,Redman, C.L.(2000).Integrated approaches to long-term studies of urban ecological systems: Urban ecological systems present multiple challenges to ecologists-pervasive human impact and extreme heterogeneity of cities, and the need to integrate social and ecological approaches, concepts, and theory.BioScience,50(7),571-584.
19. Groffman, P.M.,Law, N.L.,Belt, K.T.,Band, L.E.,Fisher, G.T.(2004).Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems.Ecosystems,7(4),393-403.
20. Hatt, B.E.,Fletcher, T.D.,Walsh, C.J.,Taylor, S.L.(2004).The influence of urban density and drainage infrastructure on the concentrations and loads of pollutants in small streams.Environmental management,34(1),112-124.
21. Huang, J.C.,Lee, T.Y.,Kao, S.J.,Hsu, S.C.,Lin, H.J.,Peng, T.R.(2012).Land use effect and hydrological control on nitrate yield in subtropical mountainous watersheds.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,16(3),699.
22. Jiang, S.,Müller, M.,Jin, J.,Wu, Y.,Zhu, K.,Zhang, G.,Mujahid, A.,Rixen, T.,Muhamad, M. F.,Sia, E.S.A.(2019).Dissolved inorganic nitrogen in a tropical estuary in Malaysia: transport and transformation.Biogeosciences,16(14),2821-2836.
23. Jickells, T.(1998).Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone.Science,281(5374),217-222.
24. Kao, S.,Liu, K.(2000).Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope systematics in a human‐disturbed watershed (Lanyang‐Hsi) in Taiwan and the estimation of biogenic particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fluxes.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,14(1),189-198.
25. Kao, S.,Milliman, J.D.(2008).Water and sediment discharge from small mountainous rivers, Taiwan: The roles of lithology, episodic events, and human activities.The Journal of Geology,116(5),431-448.
26. Kao, S.J.,Lee, T.Y.,Milliman, J.D.(2005).Calculating highly fluctuated suspended sediment fluxes from mountainous rivers in Taiwan.Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,16(3),653.
27. Kuo, N.W.,Jien, S.H.,Hong, N.M.,Chen, Y.T.,Lee, T.Y.(2017).Contribution of urban runoff in Taipei metro-politan area to dissolved inorganic nitrogen export in the Danshui River, Taiwan.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,24(1),578-590.
28. Kuramochi, T.,Lui, S.,Höhne, N.(2019).,NewClimate Institute.
29. Lee, T.Y.,Huang, J.C.,Kao, S.J.,Tung, C.P.(2013).Temporal variation of nitrate and phosphate transport in headwater catchments: the hydrological controls and land use alteration.Biogeosciences,10(4)
30. Lee, T.Y.,Shih, Y.T.,Huang, J.C.,Kao, S.J.,Shiah, F.K.,Liu, K.K.(2014).Speciation and dynamics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen export in the Danshui River, Taiwan.Biogeosciences Discussions,11(2)
31. Meybeck, M.(1982).Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus transport by world rivers.Am. J. Sci,282(4),401-450.
32. Middelburg, J.,Nieuwenhuize, J.(2001).Nitrogen isotope tracing of dissolved inorganic nitrogen behaviour in tidal estuaries.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,53(3),385-391.
33. Milliman, J.D.,Farnsworth, K.L.(2013).River discharge to the coastal ocean: a global synthesis.Cambridge University Press.
34. Milliman, J.D.,Farnsworth, K.L.,Albertin, C.S.(1999).Flux and fate of fluvial sediments leaving large islands in the East Indies.Journal of Sea Research,41(1-2),97-107.
35. Milliman, J.D.,Syvitski, J.P.(1992).Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers.The journal of Geology,100(5),525-544.
36. Musango, J.K.,Currie, P.,Robinson, B..Urban metabolism for resource-efficient cities: from theory to implementation.Proc., BOOK OF ABSTRACTS,12
37. Nations, U. (2018). “2018 revision of world urbanization prospects.” United Nations New York.
38. Odum, H.T.(1973).Energy, ecology, and economics.Ambio,220-227.
39. Odum, H.T.(1971).Environmental, power and society.John Wiley & Sons Inc.
40. Pickett, S.T.,Cadenasso, M.L.,Grove, J.M.,Boone, C.G.,Groffman, P.M.,Irwin, E.,Kaushal, S.S.,Marshall, V.,McGrath, B.P.,Nilon, C.H.(2011).Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress.Journal of environmental management,92(3),331-362.
41. Ren, H.,Chen, Y.C.,Wang, X.T.,Wong, G.T.,Cohen, A.L.,DeCarlo, T.M.,Weigand, M.A.,Mii, H.S.,Sigman, D.M.(2017).21st-century rise in anthropogenic nitrogen deposition on a remote coral reef.Science,356(6339),749-752.
42. Rivas, R. (2018). “Gov’t puts trash traps, warns ‘esteroristas’ in Pasig River.”
43. Schoonover, J.E.,Lockaby, B.G.,Pan, S.(2005).Changes in chemical and physical propertiesof stream water across an urban-rural gradient in western Georgia.Urban Ecosystems,8(1),107-124.
44. Seitzinger, S.P.,Harrison, J.A.,Dumont, E.,Beusen, A.H.,Bouwman, A.(2005).Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: An overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,19(4)
45. Smith, V.H.(2003).Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems a global problem.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,10(2),126-139.
46. Svirejeva-Hopkins, A., Reis, S., Magid, J., Nardoto, G.B., Barles, S., Bouwman, A.F., Erzi, I., Kousoulidou, M., Howard, C.M., and Sutton, M.A. (2011). “Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes.”
47. Tu, J.Y.,Chou, C.(2013).Changes in precipitation frequency and intensity in the vicinity of Taiwan: typhoon versus non-typhoon events.Environmental Research Letters,8(1),014023.
48. Vitousek, P.M.,Aber, J.D.,Howarth, R.W.,Likens, G.E.,Matson, P.A.,Schindler, D.W.,Schlesinger, W.H.,Tilman, D.G.(1997).Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: sources and consequences.Ecological applications,7(3),737-750.
49. Voss, M.,Bange, H.W.,Dippner, J.W.,Middelburg, J.J.,Montoya, J.P.,Ward, B.(2013).The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,368(1621),20130121.
50. Webster, P.J.,Holland, G.J.,Curry, J.A.,Chang, H.R.(2005).Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment.Science,309(5742),1844-1846.
51. Wen, L.S.,Jiann, K.T.,Liu, K.K.(2008).Seasonal variation and flux of dissolved nutrients in the Danshuei Estuary, Taiwan: A hypoxic subtropical mountain river.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,78(4),694-704.
52. Winiwarter, W.,Amon, B.,Bai, Z.,Greinert, A.,Kaltenegger, K.,Ma, L.,Myszograj, S.,Schneidergruber, M.,Suchowski-Kisielewicz, M.,Wolf, L.(2020).Urban nitrogen budgets: flows and stock changes of potentially polluting nitrogen compounds in cities and their surroundings–a review.Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences,17(1),57-71.
53. Wolman, A.(1965).The metabolism of cities.Scientific American,213(3),178-193.
54. Zhang, Y.(2013).Urban metabolism: A review of research methodologies.Environmental pollution,178,463-473.
55. Zhang, Y.,Yang, Z.,Yu, X.(2009).Ecological net-work and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: model development, and a case study of four Chinese cities.Ecological Modelling,220(11),1431-1442.
56. Zhang, Y.,Yang, Z.,Yu, X.(2015).Urban metabolism: A review of current knowledge and directions for future study.Environmental science & technology,49(19),11247-11263.
57. 內政部 (n.d.) ，「內政部戶政司全球資訊網」。Ministry of the Interior (n.d.) Department of Household Registration website.
58. 王怡心, Y.S.(2017)。臺灣大學環境工程學研究所=National Taiwan University。
59. 林佳谷, J.G.,陳叡瑜, R.Y.(2007)。善待氮氣：哈伯氮肥, 氮循環與氮反撲。工業安全衛生，221，47-56。
60. 胡惠宇, H.Y.(2015)。,未出版
61. 胡惠宇, H.Y.(2017)。,未出版