探討技術網絡之社群結構與位置關係－以保險商業方法專利為例

To Study the Community Structure and Its Positional Relationship of Technological Network-Insurance Business Method Patents

10.6504/JOM.2010.27.05.02

翁順裕(Calvin S. Weng)

技術社群 ； 網絡位置 ； 技術網絡 ； 社會網絡分析 ； Technological Community ； Network Position ； Technological Network ； Social Network Analysis

管理學報

27卷5期（2010 / 10 / 01）

437 - 458

繁體中文

網絡結構的研究是社會網絡分析關注的一個核心試題。依定義，隨機構成之節點集合可視為是一個社群。但隨機集合成的社群，無法對應到一個有意義的群體。社群研究主要是觀察整體網絡結構的特徵，並從中找出幾個「自然存在」(naturally existing)的社群。本研究將社群概念與操作方法運用到技術領域上，找出技術網絡中自然形成的技術社群，並詮釋其在技術結構中的存意涵。本研究有以下的重要分析結果：（一）、依網絡位置關係將技術社群分為：孤立者(isolate)、主事者(primary)、追隨者(sycophant)、仲介者(broker)、（二）、推導技術社群之內部與外部關係的緊密變化，提出可能的技術位置的轉換路經。本研究提出一些理論意涵的探討，以及對技術發展與技術策略的一些管理上看法。

The study of community structure of networks has received an enormous amount of attention in recent years. According to the definition a community could be a set of nodes by randomly selected, but the problem was that the set composed by random nodes might not consist with any significant meanings. The methodology of studying of community structure is to find out the naturally existing community by inspecting the network structure. This paper utilizes the concept and methodology of community to study technological domain. The results of this study are as follows. first, to divide technological communities according to their mutually relationship in the position of network, and technological communities can be the isolate, primary sycophant and broker Second, to derivate the variety of the densities of internal and external, this paper proposes a possible transaction route of the change of technological communities in the technological development. In addition, the paper also proposes some technological implications to be further discussion.

1. 翁順裕(2010)。從網絡的結構分析探討「技術位置」與「技術角色」─以保險商業方法專利為例。管理學報，27(2)，97-122。
   連結：
2. 翁順裕、賴奎魁(2009)。從社會網絡分析觀點探討技術的趨同性─以保險商業方法專利為例。管理學報，26(5)，485-506。
   連結：
3. Abernathy, M. J.,Utterback, J. M.(1978).Patterns of Industrial Innovation.Technology Review,8(7),40-47.
4. Alcácer, J.,Gittelman, M.,Sampat, B.(2009).Applicant and Examiner Citations in U.S. Patents: An Overview and Analysis.Research Policy,38(2),415-427.
5. Balconi, M.,Breschi, S.,Lissoni, F.(2004).Networks of Inventors and the Role of Academia: An Exploration of Italian Patent Data.Research Policy,33(1),127-145.
6. Borgatti, S. P.,Everett, M. G.,Freeman, L. C.(2002).Ucinet 6 For Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis.Harvard:Analytic Technologies.
7. Borgs, C.,Chayes, J. T.,Mahdian, M.,Saberi, A.(2004).Exploring the Community Structure of Newsgroups.Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining,New York, America:
8. Burt, R. S.(1976).Positions in Networks.Social Forces,55(1),93-122.
9. Clauset, A.,Newman M. E. J.,Moore, C.(2004).Finding Community Structure in Very Large Networks.Physical Review E,70(6),066111.
10. Criscuolo, P.,Verspagen, B.(2008).Does It Matter Where Patent Citations Come From? Inventor VS. Examiner Citations in European Patents.Research Policy,37(10),1892-1908.
11. Danon, L.,D''laz-Guilera, A.,Duch, J.,Arenas, A.(2005).Comparing Community Structure Identification.Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment,29(9),P09008.
12. De Amorim, S. G,Barthélemy, J. P.,Ribeiro, C. C.(1992).Clustering and Clique Partitioning: Simulated Annealing and Tabu Search Approaches.Journal of Classification,9(1),17-41.
13. Dosi, G.(1982).Technological Paradigms and Technological Trajectories.Research Policy,11(3),147-162.
14. Du, H.,Feldman, M. W.,Li, S.,Jin, X.(2007).An Algorithm For Detecting Community Structure of Social Networks Based on Prior Knowledge and Modularity: Research Articles.Complexity,12(3),53-60.
15. Everett, M.(2002).Social Network Analysis, Essex: Textbook at Essex Summer School in SSDA.London:Sage.
16. Gilsing, V.,Nooteboom, B.,Vanhaverbeke, W.,Duysters, G.,Van Den Oord, A.(2008).Network Embeddedness and the Exploration of Novel Technologies: Technological Distance, Betweenness Centrality and Density.Research Policy,37(10),1717-1731.
17. Girvan, M.,Newman, M. E. J.(2002).Community Structure in Social and Biological Networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,99(12),7821-7826.
18. Granovetter, M.(1973).The Strength of Weak Ties.American Journal of Sociology,78(6),1360-1380.
19. Guimerà, R.,Amaral. L. A. N.(2005).Functional Cartography of Complex Metabolic Networks.Nature,438(7070),895-900.
20. Gustafsson, M.,Hornquist, M.,Lombardi, A.(2006).Comparison and Validation of Community Structures in Complex Networks.Physica A,367(1),559-576.
21. Hanneman, R. A.,Riddle, M.(2005).Introduction to Social Network Methods.Riverside, CA:University of California.
22. Harhoff, D.,Narin, F.,Scherer, F. M.,Vopel, K.(1999).Citation Frequency and the Value of Patented Inventions.Review of Economics and Statistics,81(3),511-515.
23. Henderson, R.,Jaffe, A.,Trajtenberg, M.(1998).Universities as a Source of Commercial Technology: A Detailed Analysis of University Patenting 1965-1988.Review of Economics and Statistics,80(1),119-127.
24. Jaffe, A.(ed.),Trajtenberg, M.(ed.)(2002).Patents, Citations and Innovations-A Window on the Knowledge Economy.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
25. Kadushin, C.(2002).The Motivational Foundation of Social Networks.Social Networks,24(1),77-91.
26. Kernighan, B. W.,Lin, S.(1970).An Efficient Heuristic Procedure For Partitioning Graphs.Bell Systems Technical Journal,49(1),291-307.
27. Lorrain, F.,White, H. C.(1971).Structural Equivalence of Individuals in Social Networks.Journal of Mathematical Sociology,1(3),49-80.
28. Moody, J.(2004).The Structure of a Social Science Collaboration Network.American Sociological Review,69(2),213-238.
29. Moody, J.(2001).Peer Influence Groups: Identifying Dense Clusters in Large Networks.Social Networks,23(4),261-283.
30. Moody, J.,Douglas, R. W.(2003).Social Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Conception of Social Groups.American Sociological Review,68(1),103-127.
31. Newman, M. E. J.(2004).Detecting Community Structure in Networks.European Physical Journal B,38(2),321-330.
32. Newman, M. E. J.(2006).Modularity and Community Structure in Networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(23),8577-8582.
33. Newman, M. E. J.,Girvan, M.(2004).Finding and Evaluating Community Structure in Networks.Physical Review E,69(2),026113.
34. Ng, A. Y.,Jordan, M. I.,Weiss, Y.(2002).On Spectral Clustering: Analysis and An Algorithm.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems,14(2),849-856.
35. Palla, G.,Derenyi, I.,Farkas, I.,Vicsek, T.(2005).Uncovering the Overlapping Community Structure of Complex Networks in Nature and Society.Nature,435(7043),814-818.
36. Podolny, J. M.,Stuart, T. E.,Hannan, M. T.(1996).Networks, Knowledge, and Niches: Competition in the Worldwide Semiconductor Industry, 1984-1991.American Journal of Sociology,102(3),659-689.
37. Radicchi, F.,Castellano, C.,Cecconi, F.,Loreto, V.,Parisi, D.(2004).Defining and Identifying Communities in Networks.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,101(9),2658-2663.
38. Scott, J.(2002).Social Network Analysis: A Handbook 2nd ed..London:Sage.
39. Stefano, B.,Criscuolo, P.,Geuna, A.(2005).The Knowledge Bases of the World's Largest Pharmaceuticals Groups: What Do Patent Citations To Non-Patent Literature Reveal?.Economics of Innovation and New Technology,14(5),395-415.
40. Stuart, T. E.,Podolny, J. M.(1996).Local Search and the Evolution of Technological Capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,17(Special Issue),21-38.
41. Teece, D. J.(1996).Firm Organization, Industrial Structure and Technological Innovation.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,31(2),193-224.
42. Thompson, P.(2006).Patent Citations and the Geography of Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from Inventor-and Examiner-Added Citations.The Review of Economics and Statistics,88(2),383-388.
43. Thompson, P.,Fox-Kean, M.(2005).Patent Citations and the Geography of Knowledge Spillovers: A Reassessment.American Economic Review,95(1),450-460.
44. Tushman, M. L.,Anderson, P.(1986).Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environment.Administrative Science Quarterly,31(3),435-439.
45. Tushman, M. L.,Rosenkopf, L.(1992).Organizational Determinants of Technological Change: Toward a Sociology of Technological Evolution.Research in Organizational Behavior,14(3),311-347.
46. Wang, R.,Zhang, S.,Wang, Y.,Zhang. X. S.,Chen, L.(2008).Clustering Complex Networks and Biological Networks by Nonnegative Matrix Factorization with Various Similarity Measures.Neurocomputing,72(1/3),134-141.
47. Wasserman, S.,Faust, K.(1994).Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications.New York:Cambridge University Press.
48. Wellman, B.,Berkowitz, S. D.(1988).Social Structures: A Network Approach.New York:Cambridge University Press.
49. White, S.,Smyth, P.(2005).A Spectral Clustering Approach To Finding Communities in Graphs.Proceedings of the 5th SIAM International Conference on Data Mining,Philadelphia:

1. (2021)。以關鍵詞彙網絡探究臺灣在地基改食品新聞之主題框架及其演變。圖書資訊學研究，16(1)，125-158。