「有」中生「有」：工研院如何運用B.B.C.策略改造科專制度

Creating Something from Something: How ITRI EnactsB.B.C. Strategies to Transform the Technology Development Program

10.6504/JOM.2012.29.03.03

涂敏芬(Min-Fen Tu)；洪世章(Shih-Chang Hung)

制度興業 ； 制度策略:策略實踐:工研院 ； 科專制度 ； Institutional Entrepreneurship ； Institutional Strategy ； Strategy-as-practice ； ITRI ； Technology Development Program

管理學報

29卷3期（2012 / 06 / 01）

229 - 254

繁體中文

本研究根據制度興業的理論觀點，同時採用策略實踐的分析方式，探討行動者如何運用策略，改變其所處的制度環境。實徵上，本文採用自然探究法，探討工研院1987年到2009年間，推動創新前瞻制度，鬆綁傳統科專計畫場域的寄存鑲嵌性，促成台灣科技專案體系轉型的歷程。我們發展出一個制度策略模式－「湊組－連介－溝通」分類架構，用來描述與分析本文的個案故事。

This paper draws on the perspectives of institutional entrepreneurship and strategy-as-practice to examine how actors engage with micro-level strategies to change or transform their institutional context. Empirically, we use the naturalistic inquiry approach and focus and focus on the case study of ITRI's development of Advanced Research Program during 1987-2009. Our conceptual framework is centered on the strategies of bricolage, brokerage, and communication (B.B.C.) that form a trpology to explain processes of institutional entrepreneurship.

1. 立法院，2005。立法院第六屆第一會期科技及資訊委員會第十二次全體委員會會議記錄，立法院公報，第九十四卷第三十六期，307-336。
2. 立法院，2008。立法院第七屆第一會期經濟委員會第三十七次全體委員會議，立法院公報，第九十七卷第四十一期，167-203。
3. 王啟清，1993。工研院走過廿年面臨停看聽，經濟日報。
4. 李彥甫，1998。行政院科技顧問會議閉幕，邁向科技島應走創新的路，聯合報。
5. 李娟萍，2005。李鍾熙創未來帳與未來賽跑，經濟日報。
6. 李珣瑛，2004。工研院開發無光罩製PCB技術，創新前瞻科技饗宴成果發表，端出多項新科技，積極洽商技轉，經濟日報。
7. 林麗美，1993。政府研發項目與業界需求脫節，曹興誠質疑科技專案經費運用，經濟日報。
8. 黃嘉裕，1997。人物專訪：經濟部技術處長陳昭義，我不是聖誕老公公，經濟日報。
9. Ahmadjian, C. L.,Robinson, P.(2001).Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization of Permanent Employment in Japan.Administrative Science Quarterly,46(4),622-654.
10. Aldrich, H. E.,Fiol, C. M.(1994).Fools Rush in? The Institutional Context of Industry Creation.Academy of Management Review,19(4),645-670.
11. Anderson, P.,Tushman, M.(1990).Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change.Administrative Science Quarterly,35(4),604-633.
12. Argote, L.(1999).Organizational Learning: Creating, Retaining, and Transferring Knowledge.Boston:Kluwer Academic.
13. Arndt, M.,Bigelow, B.(2000).Presenting Structural Innovation in an Institutional Environment: Hospitals' Use of Impression Management.Administrative Science Quarterly,45(3),494-522.
14. Baker, T.,Miner, A.,Eesley, D.(2003).Improvising Firms: Bricolage, Retrospective Interpretation and Improvisational Competencies in the Founding Process.Research Policy,32(2),255-276.
15. Baker, T.,Nelson, R. E.(2005).Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(3),329-366.
16. Barley, S.(1990).Images of Imaging: Notes on Doing Longitudinal Field Work.Organization Science,1(3),220-247.
17. Barrett, F. J.(1998).Creativity and Improvisation in Jazz and Organizations: Implications for Organizational Learningm.Organization Science,9(5),605-622.
18. Battilana, J.,Leca, B. B.,Boxenbaum, E. V. A.(2009).How Actors Change Institutions: Towards a Theory of Institutional Entrepreneurship.Academy of Management Annuals,3(1),65-107.
19. Beckert, J.(1999).Agency, Entrepreneurs, and Institutional Change, The Role of Strategic Choice and Institutionalized Practices in Organizations.Organization Studies,20(5),777-799.
20. Bourdieu, P.(1977).Outline of a Theory of Practice.Cambridge:New York Cambridge University Press.
21. Bourdieu, P.(1990).The Logic of Practice.Cambridge:Polity.
22. Brown, J. S.,Duguid, P.(2002).The Social Life of Information.Boston:Harvard Business Press.
23. Burt, R. S.(2005).Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
24. Burt, R. S.(1992).Structural Holes.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
25. Chakravarthy, B. S.,White, R. E.(2002).Strategy Process: Changing and Implementing Strategies.Handbook of Strategy and Management,London:
26. Chesbrough, H. W.(2003).Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology.Boston:Harvard Business Press.
27. Christensen, C. M.,Bower, J. L.(1996).Customer Power, Strategic Investment, and the Failure of Leading Firms.Strategic Management Journal,17(2),197-218.
28. Ciborra, C. U.(1996).The Platform Organization: Recombining Strategies, Structures, and Surprises.Organization Science,7(2),103-118.
29. Clemens, E. S.,Cook, J. M.(1999).Politics and Institutionalism: Explaining Durability and Change.Annual Review of Sociology,25(1),441-466.
30. Coffey, A.,Atkinson, P.(1996).Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research Strategies.London:Sage Publications.
31. Cohen, W. M.,Levinthal, D. A.(1990).Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly,35(1),128-152.
32. Davis, G. F.(1991).Agents without Principles? The Spread of the Poison Pill through the Intercorporate Network.Administrative Science Quarterly,36(4),583-613.
33. De Certeau, M.,Rendall, S.(1984).The Practice of Everyday Life.Berkeley:University of California Press.
34. Dejean, F.,Gond, J. P.,Leca, B.(2004).Measuring the Unmeasured: An Institutional Entrepreneur Strategy in an Emerging Industry.Human Relations,57(6),741-764.
35. DiMaggio, P. J.(1988).Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory.Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment,Cambridge:
36. Dorado, S.(2005).Institutional Entrepreneurship, Partaking, and Convening.Organization Studies,26(3),385-414.
37. Duymedjian, R.,Rüling, C. C.(2010).Towards a Foundation of Bricolage in Organization and Management Theory.Organization Studies,31(2),133-151.
38. Eisenhardt, K. M.,Brown, S. L.(1999).Patching: Restitching Business Portfolios in Dynamic Markets.Harvard Business Review,77(3),72-83.
39. Emirbayer, M.,Mische, A.(1998).What is Agency?.American Journal of Sociology,103(4),962-1023.
40. Fligstein, N.(1997).Social Skill and Institutional Theory.American Behavioral Scientist,40(4),397-405.
41. Garud, R.,Hardy, C.,Maguire, S.(2007).Institutional Entrepreneurship as Embedded Agency: An Introduction to the Special Issue.Organization Studies,28(7),957-969.
42. Garud, R.,Jain, S.,Kumaraswamy, A.(2002).Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Sponsorship of Common Technological Standards: The Case of the Sun Microsystems and Java.Academy of Management Journal,45(1),196-214.
43. Garud, R.,Karnøe, P.(2003).Bricolage Versus Breakthrough: Distributed and Embedded Agency in Technology Entrepreneurship.Research Policy,32(2),277-300.
44. Giddens, A.(1984).The Constitution of Society.Cambridge:Polity.
45. Glaser, B. G.,Strauss, A. L.(1967).The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research.New York:Aldine de Gruyter.
46. Greenwood, R.(Ed.),Oliver, C.(Ed.),Suddaby, R.(Ed.),Sahlin, K.(Ed.)(2008).The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism.London:Sage Publications.
47. Greenwood, R.,Suddaby, R.(2006).Institutional Entrepreneurship in Mature Fields: The Big Five Accounting Firms.Academy of Management Journal,49(1),27-48.
48. Hargadon, A.,Sutton, R. I.(1997).Technology Brokering and Innovation in a Product Development Firm.Administrative Science Quarterly,42(4),716-749.
49. Hillman, A. J.,Hitt, M. A.(1999).Corporate Political Strategy Formulation: A Model of Approach, Participation and Strategy Decisions.Academy of Management Review,24(4),825-842.
50. Hoffman, A. J.(1999).Institutional Evolution and Change: Environmentalism and the U.S. Chemical Industry.Academy of Management Journal,42(4),351-371.
51. Holm, P.(1995).The Dynamics of Institutionalization: Transformation Processes in Norwegian Fisheries.Administrative Science Quarterly,40(3),398-422.
52. Huber, G.,Daft, R.(1987).The Information Environment of Organizations.Handbook of Organizational Communication: An Interdisplinary Perspective,Newbury Park:
53. Hung, S. C.(2004).Explaining the Process of Innovation: The Dynamic Reconciliation of Action and Structure.Human Relations,57(11),1479-1497.
54. Johnson, G.,Langely, A.,Melin, L.,Whittington, R.(2007).Strategy as Practice: Research Directions and Resources.Cambridge:Cambridge University.
55. Krone, K.,Jablin, F.,Putnam, L.(1987).Communication Theory and Organizational Communication: Multiple Perspective.Handbook of Organizational Communication: An Interdisplinary Perspective,Newbury Park:
56. Lammers, J. C.,Barbour, J. B.(2006).An Institutional Theory of Organizational Communication.Communication Theory,16(3),356-377.
57. Langley, A.(1999).Strategies for Theorizing from Process Data.Academy of Management Review,24(4),691-710.
58. Lawrence, T. B.(1999).Institutional Strategy.Journal of Management,25(2),161-187.
59. Lawrence, T. B.,Suddaby, R.(2006).Institutions and Institutional Work.Handbook of Organization Studies,Oxford:
60. Levi-Strauss, C.(1967).The Savage Mind.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
61. Lin, N.(2000).Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
62. Lincoln, Y. S.,Guba, E. G.(1985).Naturalistic Inquiry.London:Sage Publications.
63. Maguire, S.,Hardy, C.(2006).The Emergence of New Global Institutions: A Discursive Perspective.Organization Studies,27(1),7-29.
64. Maguire, S.,Hardy, C.,Lawrence, T. B.(2004).Institutional Entrepreneurship in Emerging Fields: HIV/AIDS Treatment Advocacy in Canada.Academy of Management Journal,47(5),657-679.
65. March, J. G.(1991).Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning.Organization Science,2(1),71-87.
66. Mintzberg, H.(1979).An Emerging Strategy of "Direct" research.Administrative Science Quarterly,24(5),582-589.
67. Munir, K. A.(2005).The Social Construction of Events: A Study of Institutional Change in the Ohotographic Field.Organization Studies,26(1),93-112.
68. Oakes, L. S.,Townley, B.,Cooper, D. J.(1998).Business Planning as Pedagogy: Language and Control in a Changing Institutional Field.Administrative Science Quarterly,43(2),257-292.
69. Pacheco, D. F.,York, J. G.,Dean, T. J.,Sarasvathy, S. D.(2010).The Coevolution of Institutional Entrepreneurship: A Tale of Two Theories.Journal of Management,36(4),974-1010.
70. Patton, M. Q.(2002).Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods.Thousand Oaks:Sage Publications.
71. Pettigrew, A. M.(1992).The Character and Significance of Strategy Process Research.Strategic Management Journal,13(Special Issue),5-16.
72. Phillips, N.,Lawrence, T. B.,Hardy, C.(2004).Discourse and Institutions.Academy of Management Review,29(4),635-652.
73. Porac, J.,Thomas, H.(1990).Taxonomic Mental Models in Competitor Definition.Academy of Management Review,15(2),224-240.
74. Porter, M.(1980).Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors.New York:Free Press.
75. Pozzebon, M.(2004).The Influence of a Structurationist View on Strategic Management Research.Journal of Management Studies,41(2),247-272.
76. Rao, H.,Monin, P.,Durand, R.(2003).Institutional Change in Toque Ville: Nouvelle Cuisine as an Identity Movement in French Gastronomy.American Journal of Sociology,108(4),795-843.
77. Rao, H.,Morrill, C.,Zald, M. N.(2000).Power Plays: How Social Movements and Collective Action Create New Organizational Forms.Research in Organizational Behavior,Greenwich:
78. Seidel, J.,Kelle, U.(1995).Different Functions of Coding in the Analysis of Textual Data.Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice,London:
79. Seo, M. G.,Creed, W. E. D.(2002).Institutional Contradictions, Praxis, and Institutional Change: A Dialectical Perspective.Academy of Management Review,27(2),222-247.
80. Stevens, G.,Burley, J.(1997).Raw Ideas Equal 1 Commercial Success.Research Technology Management,40(3),16-27.
81. Strauss, A. L.,Corbin, J.(1998).Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory.Newbury Park:Sage Publications.
82. Suddaby, R.,Greenwood, R.(2005).Rhetorical Strategies of Legitimacy.Administrative Science Quarterly,50(1),35-67.
83. Thornton, P. H.,Ocasio, W.(1999).Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958-1990.American Journal of Sociology,105(3),801-843.
84. Tolbert, P. S.,Zucker, L. G.(1996).The Institutionalization of Institutional Theory.Handbook of Organization Studies,London:
85. Tushman, M.(1977).Special Boundary Roles in the Innovation Process.Administrative Science Quarterly,22(4),587-605.
86. Tushman, M. L.,Anderson, P.(1986).Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments.Administrative Science Quarterly,31(3),439-465.
87. Van Maanen, J.(1979).The Fact of Fiction in Organizational Ethnography.Administrative Science Quarterly,24(4),539-550.
88. Whittington, R.(2006).Completing the Practice Turn in Strategy Research.Organization Studies,27(5),613-634.
89. Whittington, R.(2003).The Work of Strategizing and Organizing: For a Practice Perspective.Strategic Organization,1(1),117-125.
90. Yates, J. A.,Orlikowski, W. J.(1992).Genres of Organizational Communication: A Structurational Approach to Studying Communication and Media.Academy of Management Review,17(2),299-326.
91. Zimmerman, M. A.,Zeitz, G. J.(2002).Beyond Survival: Achieving New Venture Growth by Building Legitimacy.Academy of Management Review,27(3),414-431.
92. Zucker, L. G.(1988).Where do Institutional Patterns Come from? Organizations as Actors in Social Systems.Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment,Cambridge:
93. 工研院企劃與研發處(2008)。工研院創新前瞻技術研究計畫績效自評報告。新竹:工業技術研究院企劃與研發處。
94. 工研院產業經濟與資訊服務中心(2004)。工研院創新前瞻技術研究計畫績效自評報告。新竹:工業技術研究院產業經濟與資訊服務中心。
95. 工業技術研究院(2001)。工業技術研究院年報。新竹:工業技術研究院。
96. 工業技術研究院(2001)。經濟部九十年度科技專案研究發展計畫書經濟部九十年度科技專案研究發展計畫書,未出版
97. 王之杰、楊方儒、張育寧、蔡佳珊(2008)。預見科技新未來。台北:天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
98. 史欽泰編(2003)。產業科技與工研院—看得見的腦。新竹:工業技術研究院。
99. 吳淑敏(2005)。工研院30年大事紀。新竹:工業技術研究院。
100. 洪懿妍(2003)。創新引擎：工研院：臺灣產業成功的推手。台北:天下遠見出版股份有限公司。
101. 張峰源(2003)。我國研發聯盟推動現況。經濟情勢暨評論季刊，9(2)，87-100。
102. 陳修賢(1993)。引爆科技龍頭之爭。天下雜誌，148，200-206。
103. 黃文魁、卓胡斌、許鴻淵(2006)。探討創新前瞻計畫對於工研院提昇專利與論文產出之影響。2006工研院創新與科技管理研討會
104. 經濟部技術處(2006)。2005法人科技專案執行成效報告。台北:經濟部技術處。
105. 經濟部技術處(2001)。科技專案執行年報。台北:經濟部技術處。
106. 鄭伯壎、蔡舒恆(2007)。矽龍：台灣半導體產業的傳奇。台北:華泰文化事業有限公司。
107. 盧智芳(1998)。從守成走向開拓。天下雜誌，204，90-98。
108. 羅達賢(2003)。博士論文(博士論文)。國立交通大學科技管理研究所。

1. 蔡依倫、高明瑞(2013)。制度變遷與組織型態創設：身心障礙者社會企業的浮現歷程研究。中山管理評論，21(2)，339-368。
2. 陳蕙芬(2015)。柔韌設計：化機構阻力為創新助力。中山管理評論，23(1)，13-55。
3. 涂敏芬(2019)。制度工作可行嗎？去制度化前緣的能動性解析。中山管理評論，27(1)，101-138。
4. 涂敏芬、洪世章(2016)。建構服務創新的制度工作。臺大管理論叢，27(1)，129-154。
5. 蕭瑞麟,歐素華,陳煥宏(2019)。負負得正：隨創時相依性如何促成負資源轉換。組織與管理，12(1)，127-171。
6. 蕭瑞麟、歐素華、陳蕙芬(2014)。劣勢創新：梵谷策展中的隨創行為。中山管理評論，22(2)，323-367。