社會網絡：社會學研究的新取向

Social Networks: A New Approach of Sociological Research

10.6431/TWJHSS.200803.0001

蔡毓智(Yuh-Jyh Tsai)

社會網絡 ； 社會網絡與社會學 ； 社會學方法論 ； 社會網絡研究 ； social networks ； social networks and sociology ； sociological methodology ； social networks study

思與言：人文與社會科學期刊

46卷1期（2008 / 03 / 01）

1 - 33

繁體中文

社會網絡(social networks)理論及其分析方法，已經逐漸為社會科學界加以應用，並日益受到重視，而成為一種社會學研究的新取向。其所採用的關係取向觀點，就行動者之間的關係模式進行分析，大大補充了傳統社會學研究以屬性作為分析單位的不足。本文介紹社會網絡理論的發展脈絡，討論社會網絡理論與巨觀／微觀社會學的連結，及其對社會學方法論之貢獻。最後，本文介紹社會網絡理論於社會學研究之新近應用與發展。

Recently, social networks theory and methods have been applied in social science and become an emerging research apporach of sociology. Starting from the relational perspective, social network methods analyze realtionship patterns among actors and complement the insufficiency of traditional sociology which analyzes attributes of actors. This article delineates the developing context of social networks theory, dicusses the connections between social networks theory and macro/micro sociology, and examines its contributions to sociological methodology. Finally, this article examplify the latest applications and development of social networks theory in sociology researches.

1. 林佳瑩、蔡毓智(2006)。社會分析方法於結構分析之應用。調查研究，19，102-132。
   連結：
2. Alexander, M. C.,Danowski, J. A.(1990).Analysis of ancient network.Social Networks,12,313-335.
3. Bamett, G. A.,Danowski, J. A.(1992).The structure of communication: A network analysis of international communication association.Human Communication Research,19(2),264-285.
4. Bearman, P. S.,Moody, J.,Stovel, K.(2004).Chains of affection: The structure of adolescent romantic and sexual networks.The American Journal of Sociology,110(1),44-91.
5. Blau, P. M.,P. V. Marsden,N. Lin (Eds.)(1982).Social Structure and Network Analysis.Beverly Hill, CA:Sage.
6. Bonacich, P.(1987).Power and centrality A family of measures.American Journal of Sociology,92(5),1170-1182.
7. Borgatti, S. P.,Everett M. G.(1999).Models of core/periphery structures.Social Networks,21,375-395.
8. Bourdieu, P.,J. G. Richardson (Ed.)(1985).Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education.New York:Greenwood.
9. Breiger. R. L.(1976).Career attributes and network structure: A Blockmodel study of a biomedical research specialty.American Sociological Review,41(1),117-135.
10. Burt, R.(1992).Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
11. Burt, R.(1978).Cohesion versus structural equivalence as a basis for network subgroups.Sociological Methods and Research,7,189-212.
12. Burt, R.(1982).Toward a Structural Theory of Action: Network Models of Social Structure, Perception and Action.New York:Academic press.
13. Burt, R. S.(2004).Structural holes and good Ideas.The American Journal of Sociology,110(2),349-399.
14. Burt, R.,B. Staw,R. Sutton (Eds.)(2000).Research in organizational behavior.New York:JAI press.
15. Carrington, P. J.,Scott, J.,Wasserman, S.(2005).Models and Methods in Social Networks Analysis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
16. Catania, A. C.,Hamad, S. R.,Skinner, B. F.(1988).The Selection of behavior: the operant behaviorism of.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
17. Coleman, J. S.(1990).Foundations of Social Theory.MA:Belknap press.
18. Cook K S.,Gillmore M. T.,Lawler. E. J. (Ed.)(1984).Advances in Group Process.Greenwich:JAI Press.
19. Cook, K S.,Emerson, R. M.(1978).Power, equity and commi1nnt in exchange networks.American Sociological Review,43(5),721-739.
20. Cook, K S.,Emerson, R. M.,Gillmore, M.R.(1983).The distribution of power in exchange networks: Theory and experimental results.American Journal of Sociology,89(2),275-305.
21. Doreian, P.,Batagelj, V.,Ferligoj, A.(2005).Generalized Blocknodeling.Edinburgh:Cambridge University Press.
22. Ekland-Olson, S.(1982).Deviance, social control and social networks.Recearch in Law,4,271-299.
23. Emerson, R. M.(1976).Social exchange theory.Annual Review of Sociology,2,335-362.
24. Emerson. R. M.(1962).Power-dependence theory.American Sociological Review,27(1),31-41.
25. Emerson. R. M.,M.Z. Berger,B. Anderson (Eds.)(1972).Sociological Theories in Progress.Boston:Houghton Mufflin.
26. Emerson. R. M.,M.Z. Berger,B. Anderson (Eds.)(1972).Sociological Theories in Progress.Boston:Houghton Mufflin.
27. Emirbayer, M.(1997).Manifesto for a relational sociology.The American Journal of Sociology,103(2),281-317.
28. Emirbayer, M.,Goodwin, J.(1994).Network analysis, culture, and the problem of agency.The American Journal of Sociology,99(6),1411-1454.
29. Even, W. M.,T. J. D. (Ed.)(1966).Approaches to Organizational Design.Pittsburgh:University of Pittsburgh.
30. Freeman, L. C.(1992).The sociological concept of "group": An empirical test of two models.American Journal of Sociology,98(1),152-166.
31. Galaskiewicz, J.(1982).Social Structure and Network Analysis.Nation Science Foundation.
32. Galaskiewicz, J.,Wasserman, S.(1993).Social networks analysis: Concept methodology, and directions for the 1990`s.Sociological Methods and Research,21(1),3-22.
33. Gottlieb, B. H.(1985).Social networks and social support: An overview of research, practice and policy implications.Health Education Quarterly,12(1),5-22.
34. Granovatter, M.(1985).Economic action and social structure.American Journal of Sociology,91,481-510.
35. Granovatter, M.(1983).The strength of weak ties.American Journal of Sociology,78,1360-1380.
36. Granovetter, M.,R. Collins (Ed)(1973).Sociological Theory.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
37. Huisman, M.,van Duijn, A. J.,P. J. Canington,J. Scott,S. Wasserman (Eds.)(2005).Models` and Methods in Social Networks Analysis`.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
38. Johnson, J. C.,J. Galaskiewicz,S. Wasserman (Eds.)(1994).Advances in Social Network Analysis: Research from the Social and Behavioral Sciences.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
39. Klovdahl, A S.,Poeetrat, D.E.,Woodhouse, J. B.,Muth, S.,Darrow, W. W.(1994).Social networks and infectious disease: The Colorado Spring study.Social Science of Medicine,38(1),79-88.
40. Klovdahl, A. S.(1985).Social networks and the spread of infectious diseases: The aids example.Social Science of Medicine,21(11),1203-1216.
41. Kochen, M.(1989).The Small World.Ablex.
42. Kochen, M.(1989).The Small World.Ablex.
43. Kohler, H.P.(1997).Learning in Social Networks and Contraceptive Choice.Demography,34(3),369-383.
44. Krackhardt, D.,Brass, D. J.,S. Wasseman,J. Galaskiewicz (Eds.)(1994).Advances in Social Network Analysis: Research from the Social and Behavioral Sciences.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
45. Lin, N.(1999).Social networks and status attainment.Annual Review of Sociology,25,467-487.
46. Lin, N.(2001).Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
47. Lin, N. (Ed.)(2001).Social capital: A theory of social structure and action.New York:Cambridge University.
48. Lin, N.,Ensel, W.M.,Vauglm, J. C.(1981).Social resources and strength of ties: Structural factors in occupational status attainment.American Sociological Review,46(4),393-405.
49. Lin, N.,Lai, G.,Leung, S.-Y.(1998).Network resources, contact resources and status attainment.Social Networks,20,159-178.
50. Lorrain, F.,White, H. C.(1971).Structural equivalence of individuals in social networks.Journal of Mathematical Sociology,1,49-80.
51. Madhavan, S.,Adams, A.,Simon, D.(2003).Women`s networks and the social world of fertility behavior.International Family Planning Perspectives,29(2),58-68.
52. Marsden, P. V.,Campbell, K. E.(1984).Measuring tie strength.Social Forces,63(2),482-501.
53. Mayhew, B. H.(1980).Structuralism versus Individualism: Part I, Shadowboxing in the dark.Social Forces,59(2),335-375.
54. McPherson, J. M.,Popielarz, P. A.,Drobnic, S.(1992).Social networks and organizational dynamics.American Sociological Review,57(2),153-170.
55. Mintz, B.,Schwartz, M.(1985).The Power Structure of American Business.Chicago:University of Chicago press.
56. Mintz, B.,Schwartz, M.(1981).Interlocking directorates and interest group formation.American Sociological Review,46(6),851-869.
57. Mizruchi, M. S.,Galaskiewicz J.(1993).Networks of inter-organizational relations.Sociological Methods and Research,22(1),46-70.
58. Mizruchi, M. S.,Potts, B. B.(1998).Centrality and power revisited: actor success in group decision making.Social Networks,20(4),353-387.
59. Nakao, K.,Romney, A. K.(1993).Longitudinal approach to subgroup formation: Reanalysis of Newcomb`s fratemity data.Social Networks,15,109-131.
60. Petersen, T.,Saporta, I.,Seidel, M. L.(2000).Offering a job: Meritocracy and social networks.The American Journal of Sociology,106(3),763-816.
61. Pfeffer, J.,Salancik, G.(1978).The External Control of Organization.New York:Haper and Row.
62. Podolny, J. M.,Baron, J.N.(1997).Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace.American Sociological Review,62(5),673-693.
63. Rauch, J. E.(2001).Business and social networks in international trade.Journal of Economic Literature,39(4),1177-1203.
64. Rices, R. E.,S. Wassenman,J. Galaskiewiez (Eds.)(1994).Advances in Social Network Analysis: Research from the Social and Behavior Science.Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
65. Scott, J.(2000).Social Network Analysis: A Handbook.London:Sage.
66. Seibert S. E.,Kraimer, M. L.,Liden, R. C.(2001).A social capital theory of career success.Academy of Management Journal,44(2),219-237.
67. Shepard, R.N. (Ed.)(1972).Multidimensional Scaling.New York:Seminar Press.
68. Snijders, T. A. B.(2001).The statistical evaluation of social network dynamics.Sociological Methodology,31,361-395.
69. Snyder, D.,Kick, E. L.(1979).Structural position in the world system and economic growth, 1955-1970: A multiple-network analysis of transnational interaction interaction.American Journal of Sociology,84(5),1096-1126.
70. Specht, H.(1986).Social support, social networks, social exchange, and social work practice.Social Service Review,June,218-240.
71. Travers, J.,Milgram, H.(1969).An experimental study of the all world problem.Sociometry,32,425-443.
72. Treboux, D.,Busch-Rossnagel, N. A.(1990).Social network influences on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors.Journal of Adolescent Research,5(2),175-189.
73. Un, N.,Cook K S.,Burt, R. S.(2001).Social capital: Theory and research.New York:Aldine de Gruyter.
74. Uzzi, B.,Spiro, J.(2005).Collaboration and creativity The small world problem.The American Journal of Sociology,111(2),447-504.
75. van den Brink, R.,Glues, R. P.(2000).Measuring domination in directed networks.Social Networks,22(2),141-157.
76. Walker, M. E.,Wasserman, S.,Wellman, B.(1993).Statistical models for social support networks.Sociological Methods and Research,22(1),71-98.
77. Wasserman, S.,Faust K.(1994).Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
78. Watts, D. J.(1999).Networks, dynamics, and the small-world phenomenon.The American Journal of Sociology,105(2),493-527.
79. Wellman, B.(1979).The community question: The intimate networks of East Yorkers.American Journal of Sociology,84,1201-1231.
80. Wellman, B.,Berkowitz, S. D.(1988).Social structures: a network approach.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
81. Wellman, B.,P. V. Marsden,N. Lin (Eds.)(1982).Social Structure and Network Analysis.Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
82. Wellman, B.,Salaff, J.,Dimitrona, D.,Garton, L.,Guila, M.,Haythomthwaite(1996).Computer networks as social networks: Collaborative work, telwork, and virtual community.Annual Review of Sociology,22,213-238.
83. 李康、李孟譯、Giddens, A.原著(2002)。社會的構成－結構化理論大網。台北:左岸文化。
84. 林榮遠、Simml, G.原著(2002)。社會學－關於社會化形成的研究。北京:華夏出版社。
85. 胡榮譯、Mead, G.H.原著(1995)。心靈，自我與社會。臺北市:桂冠。
86. 孫治本、張維安主編(2004)。網路與社會。新竹:清華大學出版社。
87. 康樂譯、Weber, M.原著(2007)。基督新教偷與資本主義精神。台北市:遠流。
88. 黃瑞祺(1994)。馬克思論方法。台北:遠流。
89. 黃毅志(1998)。社會階層、社會網路。與心理幸福。台灣社會學刊，21，171-210。
90. 翟本瑞、張維安編(2004)。網路與社會。新竹:清華大學出版社。
91. 鄭讚源、中研院歐美所編(1995)。美國與台灣社會結構研究。台北:中央研究院。
92. 簡惠美譯、Weber, M.原著(1989)。中國的宗教儒教與道教。臺北市:遠流。
93. 顧宗華譯、Weber, M.原著(1993)。社會學的基本概念。台北:遠流。

1. 陳秋政(2015)。兩岸NGO協力之發展趨勢與分析架構初探。中國大陸研究，58(1)，1-28。
2. 褚瑞婷(2023)。社群媒體的母職書寫：實踐、認同與治療。新聞學研究，156，169-222。
3. 黃毓超,張鴻邦(2022)。資訊社會中原住民族知識傳播：以蘭嶼達悟族青年為初探網絡。台灣原住民族研究，15(2)，1-40。
4. 劉荐宏,郭立恆,林安邦(2019)。服務學習活動中的社會網絡分析：以2018孔子行腳為例。學生事務與輔導，58(2)，9-26。
5. 倪瑛蓮、施致平(2013)。社會網絡分析在體育運動組織的研究應用探討。中華體育季刊，27(4)，287-296。
6. 葉如萍,陳聖夫(2021)。海洋空間規劃強調之權益關係人參與：東西吉廊道禁漁協作會議之社會網絡分析。規劃學報，39(1)，1-31。
7. 鄭志富、陳美燕、郭哲君(2012)。社會資本的流動：以社會網絡分析觀點論我國體育運動組織之資源發展。中華體育季刊，26(4)，455-464。