情感、田野技法、存在與人類學知識

Affect, Fieldwork Techniques, Being, and Anthropological Knowledge

鄭瑋寧(Weining Cheng)

情感 ； 田野技法 ； 存在 ； 本體論轉向 ； 「四位一體」知識觀 ； Affect ； Fieldwork Techniques ； Being ； Ontological Turn ； Quaternary Practice of Knowledge

思與言：人文與社會科學期刊

53卷3期（2015 / 09 / 01）

211 - 252

繁體中文

本文分析研究者自身在田野現場中與被研究者因為性別角色與關係而引發了一連串情感互動與遭逢的田野經驗、困惑與焦慮，指出研究者與被研究者互為主體的知識生產的層次和過程：雙方各自的存在論、文化預設和倫理觀、個別行動者的生活方式以及各自的生活世界圖像等層次，如何彼此辯證地互動。筆者主張，在田野中尋求新技法乃是一個關係性的（relational）知識過程，其間，研究者意識到雙方在存在論與在地知識之本體論的立場，促成了田野技法必須與個人知識論立場進一步相應。此一探究取徑除了呼應了當代人類學知識的本體論轉向（ontological turn）－－特別是梅若琳．史翠珊（Marilyn Strathern）及韋偉若斯．德．卡斯楚（Eduardo Viveiros de Castro）兩位人類學家所倡言之地方社會自有其世界與知識的特殊本體論，更深化現象學視域（vision）對人類生存世界與知識前提的理解對人類學知識建構的作用，細緻勾繪並呈現被研究者在當代社會經濟情境下的在世存有（being-in-the-world）與心之所繫。藉由將研究者與地方社會在田野中有關性別與情感互動的多重遭逢（multiple engagements）視為存在化的知識場域，筆者區辨並指出了研究者與被研究者各自的存在論基礎及知識的本體論相互辯證的動態，以此細緻化謝國雄提出之「四位一體」的知識觀。

This paper examines myriad of experiences, confusion and anxiety due to how the gender identity of an anthropologist is perceived and brought into affective, social interactions in fieldwork in order to delineate how the intersubjective processes and levels of knowledge-making are undergoing, in which the ontologies of being-in-the-world, cultural and ethnical assumptions in regard to gender and affect, ways of life and lifeworlds are brought into dialectical play. I then argue that fieldwork techniques are in essence part of relational process of knowledge-making instead of viewing research methods as isolated from the social reality an anthropologist encounters. In this relational process of knowledge-making, the awareness of the disparate epistemological and ontological stances between a researcher and people an anthropologist works with indeed prompts a researcher to conduct her/his subsequent fieldwork techniques in line with epistemological inquiries. Echoing the spirit of the ontological turn in anthropology, especially Marilyn Strathern's and Viveiros de Castro's thesis of the existence of alternative ontologies in local societies, I introduce a phenomenological vision into fieldwork to capture the existential worlds, their modes of being-in-the-world, and what concerns them most in contemporary contexts. Taking as an existentialist field of knowledge the multiple engagements with respect both to gender and to affective interactions between a researcher and people she/he works with, I then indicate the dialectical dynamics of the terrain of different ontologies and epistemologies on both sides, which definitely elaborates the construction of a quaternary practice of knowledge proposed by Gwo-shyong Shieh.

1. 鄭瑋寧(2010)。文化形式的商品化、「心」的工作和經濟治理：以魯凱人的香椿產銷為例。臺灣社會學，19，107-146。
   連結：
2. 鄭瑋寧(2009)。親屬、他者意象與「族群性」：以Taromak 魯凱人為例。東臺灣研究，12，27-68。
   連結：
3. 鄭瑋寧(2014)。現代性下愛的實踐與情感主體：以魯凱人為例。考古人類學刊，80，179-220。
   連結：
4. Astuti, Rita(1993).Food for Pregnancy: Procreation, Marriage and Images of Gender amongst the Vezo of Western Madagascar.Social Anthropology,1,277-290.
5. Bamford, Sandra(Ed.),Leach, James(Ed.)(2009).Kinship and Beyond: The Genealogical Model Reconsidered.London:Berghahn.
6. Bourdieu, Pierre(2003).Participant Objectivation.Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,9(2),281-294.
7. Carsten, Janet(1997).The Heat of the Hearth: The Kinship Process in a Malay Fishing Community.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
8. Cesara, Manda (pseud.)(1982).Reflections of a Woman Anthropologist: No Hiding Place.New York:Academic Press.
9. Cheng, Weining(2007).Department of Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh.
10. Comaroff, Jean(1985).Body of Power, Spirit of Resistance: The Culture and History of a South African People.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
11. Errington, Shelly(1990).Recasting Sex, Gender, and Power: A Theoretical and Regional Overview.Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia,Stanford:
12. Giddens, Anthony(1991).The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love and Eroticism in Modern Societies.Stanford:Stanford University Press.
13. Goody, Jack(2006).The Theft of History.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
14. Goody, Jack(1998).Food and Love: A Cultural History of East and West.London:Verso.
15. Harvey, David(1990).The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change.Oxford:Blackwell.
16. Hoskins, Janet(1998).Biographical Objects: How Things Tell the Stories of People's Lives.London:Routledge.
17. Kulick, Don(Ed.),Wilsom, Margaret(Ed.)(1995).Taboo: Sex, Identity and Erotic Subjectivities in Anthropological Fieldwork.London:Routledge.
18. Kundera, Milan、遲尉秀譯(2004)。小說的藝術。臺北:皇冠。
19. Sahlins, Marshall(2011).What Kinship Is (Part One).Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute,17(1),2-19.
20. Strathern, Marilyn(2005).Kinship, Law and the Unexpected: Relatives Are Always a Surprise.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
21. Strathern, Marilyn(1988).The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia.Berkeley:University of California Press.
22. Wikan, Unni(1990).Managing Turbulent Hearts: A Balinese Formula for Living.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
23. Willis, Paul(2000).Ethnographic Imagination.London:Routledge.
24. 黃應貴編(2014)。21 世紀的家：臺灣的家何去何從？。臺北:群學。
25. 鄭瑋寧(2000)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。新竹，國立清華大學人類學研究所。
26. 謝國雄(2003)。茶鄉社會誌：工資、政府與整體社會範疇。臺北:中央研究院社會學研究所。
27. 謝國雄編(2007)。以身為度，如是我做：田野工作的教與學。臺北:群學。
28. 謝繼昌(1965)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北，國立臺灣大學考古人類學研究所。