冷戰初期東亞地區安全防禦體系的建構與此間的英美互動

The Construction of East Asia's Security Arrangements and Interactions between Britain and the US during the Early Cold War Years

張心怡(Hsin-Yi Chang)

冷戰 ； 東亞 ； 太平洋協定 ； 東南亞公約組織 ； 安全防禦體系 ； Cold War ； Containment ； the Pacific Pact ； Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ； Security Arrangement

思與言：人文與社會科學期刊

62卷1期（2024 / 06 / 01）

112 - 140

繁體中文;英文

冷戰初期，美國為遏制蘇聯共產集團的擴張，積極投入歐亞安全事務，除了與其他西方民主國家在西歐建立對抗共黨威脅的北大西洋公約組織外，也在東亞地區構築一道圍堵共產主義擴張的安全防線。惟英國出於維護過去在亞洲商業與戰略等殖民利益之考量，試圖與美國協調有關東亞戰後多邊安全體系的構想，以致戰後的東亞並未如同西歐地區一般形成一多邊集體安全防禦機制，反而是由美國和東亞第一島鏈國家簽訂一系列雙邊／三邊的軍事同盟條約，而東南亞地區則是由美、英等八個對該地區具有利害關係的國家，共同組成多邊集體安全之東南亞公約組織。本文檢視冷戰初期東亞地區安全防禦體系的建構經過與其間的轉折，透過分析美、英對於戰後東亞安全秩序的不同立場與看法，探究兩國間既合作又角力的微妙互動如何影響冷戰初期東亞安全防禦體系的發展。

During the early Cold War era, the United States, deeply concerned about Soviet expansion in Eurasia, pursued a containment policy to halt the spread of communism, particularly into Europe and beyond. In Europe, the United States, alongside Canada and Western European democracies, established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to collectively address challenges posed by communism. However, in East Asia, a different alliance structure emerged, characterized by a 'hub-and-spoke' model with the United States at its center and other nations in the region as spokes. Additionally, a multilateral security pact known as the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was later formed in Southeast Asia. This article aims to explore why there was no equivalent 'NATO-like' multilateral security arrangement in East Asia, focusing on the interactions between Britain and the United States during the early Cold War period. It argues that the divergence in perspectives between Washington and London played a significant role. While Washington aimed to establish a 'NATO-like' Pacific Pact involving all friendly East Asian nations, London sought to create a comprehensive security grouping for Pacific countries, with economic aid and technical assistance akin to the Marshall Plan. The United States, reluctant to undertake such extensive commitments and concerned about potential limitations on its control and leadership role, opted instead to pursue a US-led hub-and-spoke security system. This system consisted of a series of bilateral and trilateral security treaties with East Asian countries. Despite disagreements between the United States and Britain, the establishment of SEATO in Southeast Asia was later realized. For the United States, SEATO represented a crucial frontier in its efforts to counter communist expansion in Asia. Meanwhile, for Britain, SEATO allowed the maintenance of commercial interests, colonial ties, and political influence in the region, which were vital for sustaining its status as a global power.