耗盡原則與軟體轉售－以美國與歐盟的發展為中心

The Principle of Exhaustion and Software Resale-A Comparison between the European Exhaustion Doctrine and the U.S. First Sale Doctrine in the Light of Recent Case Law

蕭宏宜(Hung-Yi Hsiao)

耗盡原則 ； 第一次銷售原則 ； 終端使用者授權協議 ； 數位著作權 ； 二手軟體 ； exhaustion principle ； first sale doctrine ； EULA ； digital copyright ； used software

東吳法律學報

24卷4期（2013 / 04 / 01）

139 - 173

繁體中文

本文主要處理的是二手軟體轉售於歐盟與美國的若干重要發展。數位傳輸的興起，如電子書、MP3與軟體程式等，不僅對於傳統的購買概念產生衝擊，並且影響到消費者能否依其所願，再度轉售或散布其已購買的作品。由於欠缺耗盡原則如何適用於數位作品的清楚操作判準，著作權人遂透過內容不斷強化的授權契約，對此類作品的使用與轉讓做出限制，用以規避散布權的耗盡。結果是，耗盡原則不斷的邊緣化與購買數位著作消費者的挫敗。數位產品與數位服務之間的區別越來越模糊，與此同時，美國實務卻不斷助長軟體業者對於散布控制的強化，而與歐洲呈現不同的取徑。我認為，對於軟體使用所謂「授權」的概念，對比現實上已透過載體（CD、DVD、硬碟）永久持有重製作品者的情形，與耗盡原則的理念衝突；並且，只有將耗盡原則無分軒輊的適用於網路領域，才能有效對抗軟體商規避此原則的契約條款。

This article is mainly discussing about some important developments with regard to the resale of used software licenses in EU and U.S.. In more detail, the rise of digitally transmitted content such as eBooks, mp3s and computer programs has conflicted traditional notions about whether consumers actually own what they buy, and whether they will be entitled to resell or otherwise dispose of their downloaded purchases as they please. Given the lack of clarity as to whether the principle of exhaustion applies to digitally transmitted works and the doctrine's inapplicability to situations where possession but not ownership of a copy of the work occurs, copyright owners have increasingly implemented license agreements in order to impose restrictions on the use and transferability of digital works and to circumvent the exhaustion of distribution right. As a result, the principle of exhaustion is increasingly marginalized and buyers are frustrated. The distinction between digital goods and digital services are getting vague and in the U.S. jurisprudence the position of software vendors to control distribution seems to be strengthened. In Europe jurisprudence, on the other hand, the position of software vendors might be weakened. In my opinion, using the meaning of ”licensing” software, where that means transferring perpetual possession of a copy but retaining title to the copy, is incoherent with exhaustion principle. Only the application of the exhaustion principle to the online sale of software as well as the sale of a master copy may render countervailing contractual clauses in the producer's licensing agreements invalid.

1. Ashtar, Reuven(2011).Licensing as Digital Rights Management, from the Advent of the Web to the iPad.YALE J. L. & TECH.,13,141-87.
2. Berrier, Andrew L.(2011).Note: Vernor V. Autodesk, Inc.: The Last First Sale?.WAKE FOREST L. REV.,46,867.
3. Bräutigam, Peter,Wiesemann, Hans Peter(2010).Der BGH und der Erschöpfungsgrundsatz bei Software.CR,215.
4. Carver, Brian W.(2010).Why License Agreements Do Not Control Copy Ownership: First Sales and Essential Copies.BERKELEY TECH. L. J.,25,1887-1954.
5. Charnelle, Ilan(2002).The Justification and Scope of the Copyright Misuse Doctrine and Its Independence of the Antitrust Laws.UCLA ENT. L. REV.,9,167-208.
6. Costa, David A.(2010).Vernor v. Autodesk: An Erosion of First Sale Rights.RUTGERS L. REC.,38,213-26.
7. Ekstrand, Victoria Smith(2006).Protecting the Public Policy Rationale of Copyright: Reconsidering Copyright Misuse.COMMUNICATION LAW AND POLICY,11,565+579.
8. Elkin-Koren, Niva(2005).What Contracts Cannot Do: The Limits of Private Ordering in Facilitating a Creative Commons.FORDHAM L. REV.,74,375-422.
9. Goodman, Batya(1999).Honey, I Shrink-Wrapped the Consumer: The Shrink-Wrap Agreement as an Adhesion Contract.CARDOZO L. REV.,21,319-60.
10. Haberstumpf, Helmut(2012).Der Handel mit gebrauchter Software im harmonisierten Urheberrecht.CR,561.
11. Hilty, Reto M.(2012).Die Rechtsnatur des Softwarevertrages.CR,625.
12. Hoeren, Thomas,Försterling, Matthias(2012).Onlinevertrieb "gebrauchter" Software - Hintergründe und Konsequenzen der EuGH-Entscheidung "UsedSoft”.MMR,642.
13. Hoerren, Thomas(2010).Die Online-Erschöpfung im Softwarebereich - Fallgruppen und Beweislast.MMR,447.
14. Hoerren, Thomas(2006).,未出版
15. Keegan, Terence(2012).John Wiley & Sons, Inc. v. Kirtsaeng.N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV.,57,185-204.
16. Kolczynski, Janusz Piotr(2011).Exhaustion of copyright of computer software online: a European (Polish, German, Austrian) and US perspective.E.I.P.R.,33(9),578-83.
17. Leistner, Matthias(2011).Gebrauchtsoftware auf dem Weg nach Luxemburg.CR,209.
18. Lopresto, Charles(2011).Gamestopped: Vernor v. Autodesk and the Future of Resale.CORNELL J. L. & PUB. POL'Y,21,227-46.
19. McCombs, David L.,Philbin, Phillip B.,Nelson, Nick B.(2011).Intellectual Property Law.SMU L. REV.,64,367-92.
20. Nechev, Vladimir L.(2012).Globalizing the First-Sale Doctrine to Prohibit Potential Loopholes and Unfair Profiting and to Facilitate the Free Flow of Goods.NEW ENG. J. INT'L & COMP. L.,18,537-46.
21. Nimmer, Raymond T.(2011).Copyright First Sale and the Over-Riding Role of Contract.SANTA CLARA L. REV.,51,1311-46.
22. Perzanowski, Aaron,Schultz, Jason(2011).Digital Exhaustion.UCLA L. REV.,58,889-946.
23. Reese, R. Anthony(2003).The First Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks.B.C. L. REV.,44,577-652.
24. Rehbinder, Manfred(2008).Urheberrecht.München:C.H. Beck.
25. Rothchild, John A.(2004).The Incredible Shrinking First-Sale Rule: Are Software Resale Limits Lawful?.RUTGERS L. REV.,57,1-106.
26. Rub, Guy A.(2011).Symposium: The Licensing of Intellectual Property: Contracting around Copyright: The Uneasy Case of Unbundling of Rights in Creative Works.U. CHI. L. REV.,78,257-79.
27. Schneider, Jochen,Spindler, Gerald(2012).Der Kampf um die gebrauchte Software - Revolution im Urheberrecht?, Das Urteil des EuGH vom 3.7.2012 - Rs. C-128/11 -"UsedSoft" Gebrauchtsoftware.CR,489.
28. Semadeni, Thomas(2004).Stämpfli AG, Bern,Zurich, Univ.
29. Shikowitz, Ross(2010).Note, License to Kill MDY v. Blizzard and the Battle over Copyright in World of Warcraft.BROOKLYN L. REV.,75,1015-53.
30. Sikich, Adam W.(2011).Buyer Beware: The Threat to the First Sale Doctrine in the Digital Age.J. INTERNET L.,14,1-24.
31. Sosnitza, Olaf(2009).Gemeinschaftsrechtliche Vorgaben und urheberrechtlicher Gestaltungsspielraum für den Handel mit gebrauchter Software.ZUM,521.
32. Tjeerd, Overdijk,van der Put, Polo,de Vries, Eva,Schafft, Thomas(2011).Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights.CRi,33-39.
33. Van Houweling, Molly Shaffer(2011).Touching and Concerning Copyright: Real Property Reasoning in MDY Industries, Inc. v. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc..SANTA CLARA L. REV.,51,1063-85.
34. Van Houweling, Molly Shaffer(2008).The New Servitudes.GEO. L. J.,96,885-950.
35. Vinje, Thomas,Marsland, Vanessa,Gärtner, Anette(2012).Software Licensing After Oracle v. UsedSoft, Implications of Oracle v. UsedSoft (C-128/11) for European copyright law.CRi,2012,97-102.
36. Wang, Vivian F.(2010).Sale or License? UMG v. Augusto, Vernor v. Autodesk, and the First Sale Doctrine.TEX. INTELL. PROP. L. J.,19,1-23.
37. Wiebe, Andreas(2009).The Principle of Exhaustion in European Copyright Law and the Distinction Between Digital Goods and Digital Services.GRUR INT.,58(2),114-17.
38. Zinda, Stephen(2012).Preserving The Copyright Balance: Why Copyright Misuse Should Invalidate Software Licenses Designed to Prohibit Resale And Oust Service Market Competition.HOUS. L. REV.,48,1241-74.
39. 王泰銓(2008)。歐洲聯盟法總論。財團法人台灣智庫。
40. 沈宗倫(2007)。由對價平衡觀點論智慧財產權耗盡原則之適用─以平行輸入為中心。國立中正大學法學集刊，23，161-207。
41. 林利芝(2011)。從「著作權商品」的認定解釋探討禁止真品平行輸入之除外規定。月旦法學雜誌，195，204-224。
42. 林利芝(2011)。淺談美國著作權法之「First Sale Doctrine」。月旦法學雜誌，190，94-107。
43. 林利芝(2011)。著作權濫用之探討─以科技保護措施控制一般商品「售後市場」為例。第15屆全國科技法律研討會論文集，新竹市:
44. 陳起行(1996)。資訊法律之整合研究─以美國法界因應軟體專利權及著作權問題為中心。政大法學評論，56，239-257。
45. 章忠信(2004)。新著作權法「散布權」相關規定之探討。政大智慧財產評論，2(1)，49-72。
46. 馮震宇(2003)。新著作權法重要修正內容與爭議問題簡介。月旦法學雜誌，101，51-61。
47. 黃銘傑主持(2007)。經濟部智慧財產局委託研究計畫經濟部智慧財產局委託研究計畫,經濟部智慧財產局。
48. 楊智傑(2012)。著作權濫用與不當使用之研究。公平交易季刊，20(2)，1-64。
49. 蔡明誠(2010)。著作權契約之解釋與目的讓與理論及契約目的理論─從智慧財產法院98年民著上字第1號民事判決談起。月旦裁判時報，5，93-103。
50. 蔡明誠(1990)。論智慧財產權之用盡原則─試從德國法觀察、兼論歐洲法之相關規範。政大法學論叢，41，225-257。
51. 蔡明誠主持(2006)。經濟部智慧財產局委託研究經濟部智慧財產局委託研究,經濟部智慧財產局。
52. 蕭宏宜(2012)。第一次銷售原則與輔助侵害著作權的美國實務趨勢。科技法律透析，24(11)，48-62。
53. 蕭雄淋(2007)。著作權法論。五南。
54. 謝銘洋(2004)。著作之散布權與權利耗盡。月旦法學教室，25，28-29。
55. 羅明通(2009)。著作權法論II。三民。

1. 林利芝(2017)。從授權契約限制條款探討數位著作權商品的二手市場。東吳法律學報，28(3)，133-165。