防疫命令與法律解釋

Pandemic Prevention Order and Statutory Interpretation

賴英照(In-Jaw Lai)

暫緩驅趕房客命令 ； 文本主義 ； 目的主義 ； 法律解釋準則 ； eviction moratorium order ； textualism ； purposivism ； canon of construction

東吳法律學報

33卷3期（2022 / 01 / 01）

7 - 31

繁體中文

新冠疫情在美國爆發後，美國政府發布防疫命令，規定房東在特定期間內，不得因房客未如期繳納房租而予以驅趕。美國政府認為，這項命令於法有據，但各級法院見解不一。有判決支持命令合法，有判決則認為命令違法。聯邦最高法院六位保守派的大法官認為命令逾越母法授權，三位自由派的大法官則相信命令合法。雙方運用不同的法律解釋方法，得出不同的結論，反映自由與保守的價值選擇。

To prevent further spread of Covid-19, the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (＂CDC＂) issued eviction moratorium orders in 2020 and 2021 (＂the Orders＂). Landlords under the Orders are temporarily halted from evicting tenants for failure to pay rent. Landlords bring various challenges to the authority of the CDC to issue the moratorium. Courts are split over the issue. Some decisions uphold the legality of the Orders. Others declare the Orders illegal. The Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court are also divided on the issue. The decision, supported by six conservative Justices, holds that the Orders exceed the Congress' authorization. The decision, however, is met with a dissenting opinion filed by three liberal Justices. The division reflects the differences in the methods they use in interpreting statutes, and in the value the Justices hold.

1. Barrett, Amy Coney(2010).Sustantive Canons and Faithful Agency.Boston University Law Review,90,109.
2. Breyer, Stephen(2010).Making Our Demacracy Work.Alfred A. Knopf.
3. Breyer, Stephen(2005).Active Liberty.Alfred A. Knopf.
4. Brudney, James J.,Ditslear, Corey(2005).Canons of Construction and the Elusive Quest for Neutral Reasoning.Vanderbilt Law Review,58,1.
5. Elhauge, Einer(2002).Preference-Estimating Statutory Default Rules.Columbia Law Review,102,2027.
6. Eskridge, William N.(1998).Textualism, the Unknown Ideal?.Michigan Law Review,96,1509.
7. Eskridge, William N.(2013).The New Textualism and Normative Canons.Columbia Law Review,113,531.
8. Eskridge, William N., Jr.(1994).Dynamic Statutory Interpretation.Harvard University Press.
9. Eskridge, William N., Jr.(2016).Interpreting Law: A Primer on How to Read Statute and the Constitution.Foundation Press.
10. Gluck, Abbe R.,Bressman, Lisa Schultz(2013).Statutory Interpretation from the Inside －An Empirical Study of Congressional Drafting, Delegation, and the Canons: Part I.Stanford Law Review,65,901.
11. Gutmann, Amy(ed.)(1997).A Matter of Interpretation － Federal Courts and the Law.Princeton University Press.
12. Gutmann, Amy(ed.)(1997).A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law.Princeton University Press.
13. Hart, Henry,Sacks, Albert,Eskridge, William N., Jr.(ed.),Frickey, Philip P.(ed.)(1994).The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law.Foundation Press.
14. Krishnakumar, Anita(2021).Metarules for Ordinary Meaning.Harvard Law Review,134,167.
15. Liptak, Adam & Thrush, Glenn, Supreme Court Ends Biden’s Eviction Moratorium, New York Time, Aug. 27, 2021。
16. Llewellyn, Karl N.(1950).Remarks on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the Rules or Canons about How Statutes Are to Be Construed.Vanderbilt Law Review,3,395.
17. Manning, John F.(2011).The New Purposivism.Cato Supreme Court Review,2011,113.
18. Manning, John F.(2014).Chevron and Legislative History.George Washington Law Review,82,1517.
19. Mendelson, Nina A.(2018).Change, Creation, and Unpredictability in Statutory Interpretation: Interpretive Canon Use in the Roberts Court’s First Decade.Michigan Law Review,117,71.
20. Metlitsky, Anton(2016).The Roberts Court and the New Textualism.Cardozo Law Review,38,671.
21. Nourse, Victoria(2017).Picking and Choosing Text: Lessons for Statutory Interpretation from the Philosophy of Language.Florida Law Review,69,1409.
22. Pushaw, Robert J., Jr(2016).Talking Textualism, Practicing Pragmatism: Rethinking the Supreme Court’s Approach to Statutory Interpretation.Georgia Law Review,51,121.
23. Radin, Max, Statutory Interpretation, 43 Harvard Law Review 863 (1930)。
24. Re, Richard M.(2015).The New Holy Trinity.Green Bag 2D,18,407.
25. Scalia, Antonin,Garner, Bryan A.(2012).Reading Law － The Interpretation of Legal Texts.Thomas/ West.
26. Tobia, Kevin P.(2020).Testing Ordinary Meaning.Harvard Law Review,143,726.