跨界與全球治理：跨越／閱《橘子回歸線》

Border Crossings and Global Governance: Reading ＂Tropic of Orange＂ on the Borders

10.6637/CWLQ.2011.40(4).75-119

陳淑卿(Shu-Ching Chen)

生命政治 ； 多重治理 ； 治理性 ； 新自由主義 ； 邊境之地 ； 反指揮／行動 ； biopower ； multiple forms of rule ； governmentality ； neo-liberalism ； borderlands ； counter conduct

中外文學

40卷4期（2011 / 12 / 01）

75 - 119

繁體中文

本文從全球化多重權力治理的角度，來討論當代亞美文學建置的跨國轉向與族裔越境遷移的多向性對當代族裔主體的衝擊。強調族裔主體在跨國移動過程中，不僅須與國家地域權力交手，還需與資本邏輯及生命權力斡旋的處境。「跨國」固然有其積極的超越或僭越國家及地域權力的意義，但也可能跨向另一個權力介面，開啟另一個治理與生產的空間，不斷迫使族裔主體重新檢視移動、越界、移民的意涵及安家落戶的技術。首先檢驗全球資本擴張形式的三個階段與權力治理形式發展的平行關係，並從哈維所謂的「掠奪式累積」的觀點，指出哈特及涅格理的「無外部社會」看法的盲點，後者對全球化生命權力的闡釋有其重要性，但卻也忽略或遮掩了生命權力背後隱然存在的地域化可能，此外他們也未能指出多重權力治理同時存在並互為辯證的現象。本文第二部份以日裔美籍作家山下凱倫的小說《橘子回歸線》為例，討論書中各種臨界主體的越界矛盾，他們介於各種權力交錯的節點，如何一面跨越「帝國」的邊界，挑戰霸權對少數族裔的統馭，一面又須面對族裔意義的流失、資本邏輯的召喚、以及進入生命權力無窮生產過程的困境。最後，我檢驗傅柯的反指揮／行動的理論，藉此討論小說中的底層族裔角色如何在多重權力介面之間進行反指揮／行動，打開「跨國」的僵局。

This paper examines the transnational turn in Asian American Literature and the ways in which ethnic subjects migrate multiply at the interstices of different forms of power through reading Karen Tei Yamashita's novel Tropic of Orange. The migrant ethnic subjects in transnational contexts are portrayed not in terms of ＂difference＂ and ＂hybridity＂ but as sites of transit, simultaneously negotiating with sovereignty, global capitalism, and biopower. While transcending the geopolitical power of the nation still holds true in their transnational practices, they are constantly challenged by other forms of rule that relate to one another dialectically. Crossing the borders suggest not just crossing ＂beyond,＂ but also ＂into＂ different skills of governmentality, forcing the migrant ethnic subjects to constantly reexamine their practices of migration, border-crossings and the skills of ＂homing.＂ In the first part of the paper, I examine the parallel developments between capitalism and modes of power as explicated by Hardt and Negri to point out the blind spot in their celebration of a society without outside. While their incorporation of Foucauldian biopower into the theoretical construction of globalization is important and significant, they fail to detect the possibility of reterritorialization behind the technologies of biopolitics. In the meantime they fail to recognize the coexistence of these complex forms of power, and their interlocking dialectic relationships. The second part of the paper moves to a close reading of Tropic of Orange, discussing the paradox of ＂crossing＂ that characterizes the subjects of interstices in the novel. Taking Los Angeles as a city established on the borderland histories of imperialism, nationalism, global capitalism and biopower, I scrutinize the ways in which the ethnic subjects challenge nation state and racism, only to find themselves confronted by yet another form of rule-neoliberalism or biopolitical governmentality-that produces and reproduces their everyday life by depriving the significance of their ethnicity. Finally, I explore the possibility of counter-conduct through examining the minority subjects' lines of flight within the multiple realms of power.

1. 李鴻瓊(2011)。共在虛實間：論朱天心《古都》中的記憶與共群。文山評論，4(2)，1-36。
   連結：
2. 張淑麗(2010)。眾聲喧嘩的「非常」與「日常」：沙娣‧史密斯的《白牙》與倫理的偶然與必然。英美文學評論，16，23-54。
   連結：
3. 廖詩文(2004)。末世天使城的魔幻想像：《橘子回歸線》中的洛城、移民與跨界。中外文學，32(8)，55-76。
   連結：
4. Adams, Rachel(2007).The Ends of America, the Ends of Postmodernism.Twentieth Century Literature,53(3),248-72.
5. Anzaldúa, Gloria E.(2007).Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza.San Francisco:Aunt Lute.
6. Arrighi, Giovanni,Hopkins, Terence K.,Wallerstein, Immanuel(1989).Antisystemic Movements.London:Verso.
7. Baudrillard, Jean,Glaser, Sheila Faria(Trans.)(1994).Simulacra and Simulation.Ann Arbor:U of Michigan P.
8. Burchell, Graham(ed.),Gordon, Colin(ed.),Miller, Peter(ed.)(1991).The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality.Chicago:U of Chicago.
9. Chuh, Candice(2006).Of Hemispheres and Other Spheres: Navigating Karen Tei Yamashita's Literary World.American Literary History,18(3),618-37.
10. Coward, Martin(2005).The Globalization of Encounter: Interrogating the Geopolitics of Empire.Third World Quarterly,26(6),855-71.
11. Dirlik, Arif(2007).Global Modernity: Modernity in the Age of Global Capitalism.London:Paradigm.
12. Dunn, Timothy(1996).The Militarization of the U.S. Mexico Border, 1978-1922: Low Intensity Conflict Doctrine Comes Home.Austin, TX:CMAS.
13. Dyer-Witheford, Nick(2001).The New Combinations: Revolt of the Global Value.CR: The New Centennial Review,1(3),155-200.
14. Foucault, Michel(2008).The Birth of Biopolitics. Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
15. Foucault, Michel(2007).Security, Territoty, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
16. Giddens, Anthony(1990).The Consequences of Modernity.Standford, California:Standford UP.
17. Glixman, Elizabeth P.(2007).An Interview with Tei yamashita.Reviews & Interviews,Oct/Nov
18. Gonzalez, Gilbert G.,Fernandez, Raul E.(2003).A Century of Chicano History: Empire, Nations and Migration.New York:Routledge.
19. Grewal, Inderpal(2005).Transnational America: Feminism, Diasporas, Neoliberlism.Durham:Duke UP.
20. Hardt, Michael,Negri, Amtonio(2004).Multitude.New York:Penguin.
21. Hardt, Michael,Negri, Amtonio(2000).Empire.Cambridge, MA:Harvard UP.
22. Harvey, David(2003).The New Imperialism.New York:Oxford UP.
23. Lee, Erika(2005).Orientalism in the Americas: A Hemispheric Approach to Asian American History.Journal of Asian American Studies,8(3),235-56.
24. Lefebvre, Henri,Elden, Stuart(Trans.),Moore, Gerald(Trans.)(2004).Rhythmanalysis: Space, Time and Everyday Life.London:Continuum.
25. Lemke, Thomas(2001).The Birth of Bio-politics': Michel Foucault's Lecture at the Collège de France on Neo-Liberal Governmentality.Economy and Society,30(2),190-207.
26. Levander, Caroline F.(ed.),Levine, Robert S.(ed.)(2008).Hemispheric American Studies.New Brunswick, NJ:Rutgers UP.
27. Sadowski-Smith, Claudia(2008).Border Fictions: Globalization, Empire, and Writing at the Boundaries of the United States.Charlottesville:U of Virginia P.
28. Sadowski-Smith, Claudia(2002).Globalization on the Line: Culture, Capital, and Citizenship at U. S. Borders.New York:Palgrave.
29. Shih, Shu-mei(ed.),Lionnet, Françoise(ed.)(2005).Minor Transnationalism.Durham:Duke UP.
30. Ty, Eleanor(ed.),Goellnicht, Donald C.(ed.)(2004).Asian North American Identities Beyond the Hyphen.Bloomington:Indiana UP.
31. Wallace, Molly(2001).Tropics of Globalization: Reading the North America.Symploke,9(1-2),145-60.
32. Yamashita, Karen Tei(1997).Tropic of Orange.Minneapolis:Coffee House.
33. Zizek, Slavoj(1999).The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Center of Political Ontology.New York:Verso.