题名

《怪獸電力公司》 皮克斯的新經濟美學

并列篇名

Monsters, Inc.- The Pixar Aesthetics of the New Economy

DOI

10.6637/CWLQ.2016.45(1).85-117

作者

戴芃儀(Peng-Yi Tai)

关键词

皮克斯 ; 迪士尼 ; 動畫 ; 後福特主義 ; 泰勒主義 ; 新經濟 ; 勞動 ; 網絡 ; 新自由主義 ; Pixar, Disney ; animation ; Post-Fordism ; Talyorism ; the New Economy ; labor ; network ; Neoliberalism

期刊名称

中外文學

卷期/出版年月

45卷1期(2016 / 03 / 01)

页次

85 - 117

内容语文

繁體中文

中文摘要

在後福特主義中,「新經濟」是一個建立在網絡與資訊科技上的意識型態論述。新經濟支持者宣稱,網絡與資訊科技能成就更多財富與幸福。在工作上,新經濟管理強調以網絡式的同儕平等取代官僚和階層;以社群主義的團體合作取代勞動分工,一舉打破勞動疏離。值得深究的是,大受歡迎的皮克斯電腦動畫公司可謂新經濟論述的最佳代言人。除了總裁凱特莫提出的管理論述與新經濟雜誌相互唱和,皮克斯也提倡同儕分享與工作即玩樂的辦公室文化,以滋養個人創造力。本文認為,以皮克斯身體力行新經濟管理的情況下,大部份的電影又以社群主義為主題,具體演示團隊合作的過程,應視皮克斯電影為一種新經濟美學。更重要的是,皮克斯的新經濟美學應透過新經濟傾斜的生產關係與網絡科技來分析。本文將專注在《怪獸電力公司》與《怪獸大學》兩部電影,以自我反身性來分析,批判新經濟的管理論述與網絡狂熱,解構新經濟所隱含的新自由主義勞動寓言。

英文摘要

The New Economy is a post-Fordist ideological discourse of network and information technology (IT). The proponents argue that the network and IT can create more wealth and happiness. In work, the New Economy claims to end labor alienation with peer-sharing and collaborative communalism. Intriguingly, the Pixar Animation Studios is a model of the New Economy. Besides the fact that Pixar president Ed Catmull actively participates in the construction of the New Economy discourse, the studio promotes a workplace culture of peer-sharing and spontaneous play to nurture creativity. Given that most of the Pixar animated movies also revolve around the kind of communalism the studio professes to provide its employees, they embody the very aesthetics of the New Economy, which I argue should be examined in a way that accounts for problematic production relations and network surveillance. Focusing on Monsters, Inc. (2001) and Monster University (2013), I will read both films as self-reflexive of the studio, explore their cinematic aesthetics, and seek to deconstruct the neoliberal labor allegory of the New Economy.

主题分类 人文學 > 中國文學
人文學 > 外國文學
参考文献
  1. Monsters, Inc. Dir. Peter Docter. Pixar 2001.
  2. Bell, Chris. “Monsters University: What's it Like to Work at Pixar?” The Telegraph. Telegraph, 10 July 2013. Web. 7 June 2015
  3. Brave. Dir. Mark Andrew. Pixar, 2012.
  4. Ratatouille. Dirs. Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava. Pixar, 2007.
  5. Out of the Inkwell. Dirs. Max and Dave Fleischer. Fleischer, 1918-1929.
  6. A Bug's Life. Dirs. John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton. Pixar, 1998
  7. The Incredibles. Dir. Brad Bird. Pixar, 2004.
  8. Toy Story. Dir. John Lasseter. Pixar, 1995.
  9. Henkel, Guido. “Pixar: Changing the Face of an Industry.” DVD Review & High Definition. DVD Review, 12 Apr. 1999. Web. 7 Jan. 2015
  10. Stranahan, Lee. “Feds Sues Lucasfilm for Undermining VFX Artists.” Huffingtonpost. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc., 27 Dec 2010. Web. 7 Jan. 2015
  11. Lyman, Rick. “Pixar's New Digs Coddle Animators, Writers and Tech Heads.” The New York Time. NYTimes.com, 11 June 2001. Web. 7 June 2015
  12. Up. Dir. Peter Docter. Pixar, 2009
  13. Roose, Kevin. “Silicon Valley's Anti-Unionism: Now with a Side of Class Warfare.” New York Magazine. NYMag.com, July 2013. Web. 7 Jan. 2015
  14. Taylor, Frederic Winslow. Scientific Management: Comprising Shop Management, the Principles of Scientific Management and Testimony before the Special House Committee. New York: Harper, 1947
  15. Finding Nemo. Dirs. Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich. Pixar, 2003
  16. Amidi, Amid. “Comment of the Day: There are Good Stories about Pixar to Tell.” Cartoon Brew. Cartoon Brew, LLC, 12 May 2011. Web. 7 June 2015
  17. Toy Story 3. Dir. Lee Unkcrich. Pixar, 2010
  18. WALL-E. Dir. Andrew Stanton. Pixar, 2008
  19. Monster University. Dir. Dan Scanlon. Pixar, 2013.
  20. Toy Story 2. Dir. John Lasseter et al. Pixar, 1999
  21. Alexander, Charles P.(1983).The New Economy.Time,30 May,40-49.
  22. Arendt, Hannah(1958).The Human Condition.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
  23. Brouillette, Sarah(2013).Academic Labor, the Aesthetics of Management, and the Promise of Autonomous Work.Nonsite.org,9
  24. Bunn, Austin(2004).Welcome to Planet Pixar: How the Pixel-packing Upstart Became an Animation Superpower and Left Disney in the Dust.Wired,June
  25. Canemaker, John(2001).Walt Disney's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation.New York:Disney Editions.
  26. Capodagli, Bill,Jackson, Lynn(2009).Innovate the Pixar Way: Business Lessons from the World's Most Creative Corporate Playground.New York:McGraw-Hill.
  27. Cassidy, John(2002).Dot.Con: The Greatest Story Ever Sold.New York:Harper Collins.
  28. Catmull, Ed.(2008).How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity.Harvard Business Review,Sep.,65-72.
  29. Catmull, Ed.(2010).Innovation, Inc..Harvard Business Review,Aug.,18-19.
  30. Catmull, Ed,Wallace, Amy(2014).Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces that Stand in the Way of True Inspiration.New York:Random.
  31. Davenport, Tom(2010).Five Ways Pixar Makes Better Decisions.Harvard Business Review,15 July
  32. Davis, Kathleen(2014).Pixar President Ed Catmull on How to Run a Creative Business.Fast Company,17 Apr.
  33. Dertouzos, M. L.(Ed.),Moses, J.(Ed.)(1980).The Computer Age: A Twenty-Year View.Cambridge, MA:MIT P.
  34. Fisher, Eran(2010).Media and New Capitalism in the Digital Age: The Spirit of Network.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
  35. Florida, Richard(2002).The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life.New York:Basic.
  36. Foucault, Michel,Sheridan, Alan(Trans.)(1995).Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison.New York:Vintage.
  37. Frankel, Jeffrey(Ed.),Orszag, Peter(Ed.)(2002).American Economic Policy in the 1990s.Cambridge, MA:MIT P.
  38. Freud, Sigmund,Strachey, James(Trans.)(1960).Jokes and Their Relation to the Unconscious.New York:Norton.
  39. Harvey, David(2005).A Brief History of Neoliberalism.Oxford:Oxford UP.
  40. Head, Simon(2003).The Ruthless New Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age.New York:Oxford UP.
  41. Heckscher, Charles(Ed.),Adler, Paul S.(Ed.)(2006).The Firm as a Collaborative Community: Reconstructing Trust in the Knowledge Economy.New York:Oxford UP.
  42. Henwood, Doug(2003).After the New Economy.New York:New.
  43. Kelly, Kevin(1998).New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World.New York:Penguin.
  44. Lane, Anthony(2011).The Fun Factory: Life at Pixar.The New Yorker,16 May
  45. Lasseter, John(1987).Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation.Computer Graphics,21(4),35-44.
  46. Lewis, David Lanier(1987).The Public Image of Henry Ford: An American Folk Hero and His Company.Detroit:Wayne State UP.
  47. Liu, Alan(2004).The Laws of Cool: Knowledge Work and the Culture of Information.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
  48. Mandel, Michael J.(1996).The Triumph of the New Economy: A Powerful Payoff from Globalization and the Information Revolution.Business Week,30 Dec.,68-70.
  49. Nagy, Evie(2014).Beyond Incredible: Building the Next Pixar.Fast Company,26 Mar.
  50. Paik, Karen(2007).To Infinity and Beyond: The Story of Pixar Animation Studios.San Francisco:Chronicle.
  51. Price, David A.(2009).The Pixar Touch: The Making of a Company.New York:Vintage.
  52. Robins, Kevin,Webster, Frank(1999).Times of the Technoculture: From the Information Society to the Virtual Life.London:Routledge.
  53. Ross, Andrew(2003).No-Collar: The Humane Workplace and its Hidden Costs.Philadelphia, PA:Temple UP.
  54. Schlender, Brent(2004).Incredible: The Man Who Built Pixar's Innovation Machine.Fortune Magazine,15 Nov.
  55. Sims, Peter(2011).Little Bets: How Breakthrough Ideas Emerge from Small Discoveries.New York:Free.
  56. Sito, Tom(2006).Drawing the Line: The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpsons.Lexington:UP of Kentucky.
  57. Turner, Fred(2008).From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism.Chicago:U of Chicago P.
  58. Watts, Steven(1997).The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life.Columbia:U of Missouri P.
  59. Zuboff, Shoshana(1988).In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power.Oxford, UK:Heinemann Professional Publishing.
被引用次数
  1. 羅志成,盧詩韻,葉云萱(2022)。情感設計融入2D動畫教學模式與學習表現之研究。課程與教學,25(1),193-223。