饑荒死者　〈死者〉中之愛爾蘭大饑荒陰魂

The Famine Dead Specters of the Great Irish Famine in ＂The Dead＂

10.6637/CWLQ.2017.46(2).47-81

周幸君(Hsing-chun Chou)

喬伊斯 ； 〈死者〉 ； 愛爾蘭大饑荒 ； 人口衝擊 ； 文化衝擊 ； 缺席與存在 ； James Joyce ； ＂The Dead,＂ the Great Irish Famine ； demographic impacts ； cultural impacts ； absence and presence

中外文學

46卷2期（2017 / 06 / 01）

47 - 81

繁體中文

十九世紀中葉愛爾蘭的大饑荒是歐洲現代史上最悲慘的社會災難之一，更是現代愛爾蘭發展的分水嶺，其深遠影響持續超過一個世紀。詹姆斯‧喬伊斯繼承了此一文化記憶，把饑荒衝擊寫入作品。儘管〈死者〉中並未實際言及這場災難，故事中確實潛伏了饑荒鬼影：不僅大饑荒對於人口和文化的影響在故事中顯而易見，摩肯家的晚宴以及歌曲〈來自奧克林的少女〉亦喚起這場災難的聯想。本論文試圖從饑荒寓言的角度窺探〈死者〉中潛藏的饑荒陰影，說明喬伊斯筆下的愛爾蘭依然無法擺脫半世紀前悲劇所造成的創傷，持續迴避其存在及其揮之不去的陰影。喬伊斯故事中的「死者」可能隱含饑荒死者，而該災難在文本中的缺席更可能暗示其非常存在。無法安息的饑荒死者穿梭在摩肯家的晚宴上，要求被正視並且拒絕被遺忘。

One of the worst social catastrophes in modern European history, the mid-nineteenth- century Great Irish Famine was a watershed in the development of modern Ireland, its impacts lasting for well over a century. James Joyce inherited this cultural memory and incorporated impacts of the Famine into his work. Despite the fact that the catastrophe is not explicitly mentioned in ＂The Dead,＂ specters of the Famine can be found lurking in the story: not only are its effects on demographic and cultural aspects manifest, but the feast at the Morkans' and the song ＂The Lass of Aughrim＂ evoke the calamitous event. In an attempt to investigate the Famine in ＂The Dead,＂ this paper argues that Joyce allegorically depicts the Ireland which was still traumatized by a tragedy that occurred half a century before but remained evasive about its presence and its haunting ghosts. The dead in Joyce's story could imply the Famine dead, and the absence of the catastrophe could suggest its very presence. The unstill Famine dead are amid the living in the Morkans' dinner party, requesting to be recognized and refusing to fade into oblivion.

1. Sullivan, A. M. New Ireland. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1877.
2. Avakian, Arlene Voski(ed.)(2005).Through the Kitchen Window: Women Explore the Intimate Meanings of Food and Cooking.Oxford:Berg.
3. Brewster, Scott(1998).Death and the Dinner Party: Hospitality and Hungry History in Joyce and Bowen.Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities,3(3),59-68.
4. Cheng, Vincent J.(1995).Joyce, Race, and Empire.Cambridge:Cambridge UP.
5. Coogan, Tim Pat(2012).The Famine Plot: England's Role in Ireland's Greatest Tragedy.New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
6. Crowley, John(ed.),Smyth, William J.(ed.),Murphy, Mike(ed.)(2012).Atlas of the Great Irish Famine.New York:New York UP.
7. Cusack, George(ed.),Goss, Sarah(ed.)(2006).Hungry Words: Images of Famine in the Irish Canon.Dublin:Irish Academic P.
8. Dwyer, June(2000).Feast and Famine: James Joyce and the Politics of Food.Proteus: A Journal of Ideas,17(1),41-44.
9. Eagleton, Terry(1995).Heathcliff and the Great Hunger: Studies in Irish Culture.London:Verso.
10. Edwards, R. Dudley(ed.),Williams, T. Desmond(ed.)(1994).The Great Famine: Studies in Irish History 1845-52.Dublin:Lilliput.
11. Ellmann, Richard(1983).James Joyce.Oxford:Oxford UP.
12. Gibson, Andrew(2006).James Joyce.London:Reaktion.
13. Gifford, Don(1982).Joyce Annotated: Notes for Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.Berkeley:U of California P.
14. Gribben, Arthur(ed.)(1999).The Great Famine and the Irish Diaspora in America.Amherst:U of Massachusetts P.
15. Guinnane, Timothy W.(1997).The Vanishing Irish: Households, Migration, and the Rural Economy in Ireland, 1850-1914.Princeton:Princeton UP.
16. Henry, William(2011).Famine: Galway's Darkest Years.Cork:Mercier.
17. Jackson, John Wyse,Costello, Peter(1998).John Stanislaus Joyce: The Voluminous Life and Genius of James Joyce's Father.London:Fourth Estate.
18. Joyce, James,Ellmann, Richard(ed.)(1992).Selected Letters of James Joyce.London:Faber and Faber.
19. Joyce, James,Gabler, Hans Walter(ed.),Steppe, Wolfhard(ed.),Melchior, Claus(ed.)(1986).Ulysses: The Corrected Text.New York:Vintage.
20. Joyce, James,Mason, Ellsworth(ed.),Ellmann, Richard(ed.)(1989).The Critical Writings of James Joyce.Ithaca:Cornell UP.
21. Joyce, James,Scholes, Robert(ed.),Litz, A. Walton(ed.)(1996).Dubliners: Text, Criticism, and Notes.New York:Penguin.
22. Kelleher, Margaret(1997).The Feminization of Famine: Expressions of the Inexpressible?.Durham:Duke UP.
23. Kelly, John(2012).The Graves Are Walking: The Great Famine and the Saga of the Irish People.New York:Henry Hort.
24. Kinealy, Christine(1997).A Death-Dealing Famine: The Great Hunger in Ireland.London:Pluto.
25. Kinealy, Christine(2002).The Great Irish Famine: Impact, Ideology and Rebellion.Basingstoke:Palgrave.
26. Lowe-Evans, Mary(1989).Crimes Against Fecundity: Joyce and Population Control.Syracuse:Syracuse UP.
27. Marsh, Sarah(2011).Consumption, Was It?': The Tuberculosis Epidemic and Joyce's 'The Dead'.New Hibernia Review,15(1),107-22.
28. Merritt, Robert(1990).Faith and Betrayal: The Potato in Ulysses.James Joyce Quarterly,28(1),269-76.
29. Morash, Christopher(2000)."Fearful Realities": New Perspectives on the Famine,Dublin:
30. Morash, Christopher(2003).Writing the Irish Famine.Oxford:Clarendon.
31. Morgan, Jack(2001).Old Sleepy Hollow Calls Over the World: Washington Irving and Joyce's 'The Dead'.New Hibernia Review,5(4),93-108.
32. O Cathaoir, Brendan(1999).Famine Diary.Dublin:Irish Academic P.
33. O'Grada, Cormac(2000).Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory.Princeton:Princeton UP.
34. O'Murchadha, Ciaran(2013).The Great Famine: Ireland's Agony 1845-1852.London:Bloomsbury.
35. Pecora, Vincent P.(1986).'The Dead' and the Generosity of the Word.PMLA,101(2),233-45.
36. Poirteir, Cathal(ed.)(1995).The Great Irish Famine.Cork:Mercier.
37. Potts, Willard(2000).Joyce and the Two Irelands.Austin:U of Texas P.
38. Roos, Bonnie(2002).James Joyce's 'The Dead' and Bret Harte's Gabriel Conroy: The Nature of the Feast.The Yale Journal of Criticism,15(1),99-126.
39. Scholes, Robert(ed.),Litz, A. Walton(ed.)(1996).Dubliners: Text, Criticism, and Notes.New York:Penguin.
40. Sen, Amartya(1981).Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.Oxford:Oxford UP.
41. Ulin, Julieann(2011).'Famished Ghosts': Famine Memory in James Joyce's Ulysses.Joyce Studies Annual,2011,20-63.
42. Whelan, Kevin(2002).The Memories of 'The Dead'.The Yale Journal of Criticism,15(1),59-97.
43. Woodham-Smith, Cecil(1991).The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849.London:Penguin.
44. 喬伊斯、金隄譯(1993)。尤利西斯。台北=Taipei:九歌=Chiuko。
45. 喬伊斯、莊坤良譯(2009)。都柏林人。台北=Taipei:聯經=Linking。

1. (2023)。銘刻處境：《老鷹，再見》、《柬埔寨旅人》的旅遊敘事。臺灣文學學報，43，89-122。