题名

Biology of Hypoxia

作者

Juliann G. Kiang；K.T. Tsen

关键词

hypoxia ； iNOS ； caspase ； ATP ； calcium ； NO ； free radical

期刊名称

The Chinese Journal of Physiology

卷期/出版年月

49卷5期（2006 / 10 / 31）

页次

223 - 233

内容语文

英文
英文摘要

Hypoxia is an often seen problem resulting from conditions such as ischemia, hemorrhage, stroke, premature birth, and other cardiovascular difficulties. To find useful remedies that are capable of ameliorating its casualty is an essential effort. Although the underlying mechanisms of the hypoxia induce injury and cell death are still not fully understood, it has been shown that hypoxia induces nitric oxide (NO) overproduction and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overexpression that play important roles in producing injury including increases in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) infiltration to injured tissues and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) generation. Moreover, it has been evident that transcription factors responsible for iNOS expression are also altered by hypoxia. Hypoxia also increases intracellular Ca(superscript 2+) concentration, tumor necrosis factor-α, lipid peroxidation, prostaglandin E2 production, activity of caspase-3 and -9, and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, apoptosis inducible factor, and endonuclease G. However, it has been shown that downregulation of iNOS can limit cell injury caused by hypoxia. In our laboratory, we have found that treatment with either iNOS inhibitors or iNOS siRNA inhibits iNOS expression, reduces lipid peroxidation, apoptosome formation, and cellular caspase-3 activity, preserves cellular ATP levels, and increases cell survival. Therefore, iNOS inhibition may be a novel mechanism for protection from hypoxia-induced injury and cell death.
主题分类 醫藥衛生 > 基礎醫學
参考文献
  1. Kiang, J.G.,Kiang, S.C.,Juang, Y.-T.,Tsokos, G.C.(2002).Nω -nitro- L-arginine inhibits inducible HSP-70 via Ca(superscript 2+), PKC, and PKA in human intestinal epithelial T84 cells.Am. J. Physiol,282,415-423.
    連結：
  2. Adamus, G.(2003).Autoantibody-induced apoptosis as a possible mechanism of autoimmune retinopathy.Autoimmun Rev.,2,63-68.
  3. Adrain, C.,Martin, S.J.(2001).The mitochondrial apoptosome: A killer unleashed by the cytochrome seas.Trends Biochem. Sci.,26,390-397.
  4. Aitken, R.J.,Buckingham, D.,Harkiss, D.(1993).Use of a xanthine oxidase free radical generating system to investigate the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species on human spermatozoa.J. Reprod. Fertil.,97,441-450.
  5. Arnoult, D.,Gaume, B.,Karbowski, M.,Sharpe, J.C.,Cecconi, F.,Youle, R.J.(2003).Mitochondrial release of AIF and EndoG requires caspase activation downstream of Bax/Bak-mediated permeabilization.EMBO J.,22,4385-4399.
  6. Arnoult, D.,Parone, P.,Martinou, J.C.,Antonsson, B.,Estaquier, J.,Ameisen, J.C.(2002).Mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor occurs downstream of cytochrome c release in response to several proapoptotic stimuli.J. Cell Biol.,159,923-929.
  7. J. Biol. Chem
  8. Baue, A.E.,Durham, R.,Faist, E.(1998).Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), multiple organ failure (MOF): are we winning the battle?.Shock,10,79-89.
  9. Biscoe, T.J.,Duchen, M.R.(1989).Measurements of intracellular Ca(superscript 2+) in dissociation type I cells of the rabbit carotid body.J. Physiol. (London),416,421-434.
  10. Calabrese, V.,Testa, G.,Ravagna, A.,Bates, T.E.,Stella, A.M.(2000).HSP70 induction in the brain following ethanol administration in the rat: regulation by glutathione redox state.Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun,269,397-400.
  11. Cande, C.,Vahsen, N.,Garrido, C.,Kroemer, G.(2004).Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF): caspase-independent after all.Cell Death Diff,11,591-595.
  12. Cho, N.H.,Lee, J.D.,Cheong, B.S.,Choi, D.Y.,Chang, H.K.,Lee, T.H.,Shin, M.C.,Shin, M.S.,Lee, J.,Kim, C.J.(2004).Acupuncture suppresses intrastriatal hemorrhage-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death in rats.Neurosci. Lett,362,141-145.
  13. Cho, S.,Liu, D.,Fairman, D.,Li, P.,Jenkins, L.,McGonigle, P.,Wood, A.(2004).Spatiotemporal evidence of apoptosis-mediated ischemic injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures.Neurochem. Int,45,117-127.
  14. Coleman, M.L.,Sahai, E.A.,Yeo, M.,Bosch, M.,Dewar, A.,Olsonm, M.F.(2001).Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK 1.Nature Cell Biol,3,339-345.
  15. Comelli, M.,Di Pancrazio, F.,Mavelli, I.(2003).Apoptosis is induced by decline of mitochondrial ATP synthesis in erythroleukemia cells. Free Radic.Biol. Med,34,1190-1199.
  16. Conde, A.G.,Lau, S.S.,Dillmann, W.H.,Mestril, R.(1997).Induction of heat shock proteins by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in rat cardiomyocytes and myogenic cells confers protection against simulated ischemia.J. Mol. Cell Cardiol,29,1927-1938.
  17. Cregan, S.P.,Fortin, A.,MacLaurin, J.G.,Callaghan, S.M.,Cecconi, F.,Yu, S.W.,Dawson, T.M.,Dawson, V.L.,Park, D.S.,Kroemer, G.,Slack, R.S.(2002).Apoptosis-inducing factor is involved in the regulation of caspase-independent neuronal cell death.J. Cell Biol,158,507-517.
  18. Das, U.N.(2006).Pyruvate is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule.Med. Sci. Monit,12,79-84.
  19. Daugas, E.,Susin, S.A.,Zamzami, N.,Ferri, K.F.,Irinopoulou, T.,Larochette, N.,Prevost, M.C.,Leber, b.,Andrews, D.,Penninger, J.,Kroemer, G.(2000).Mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF in apoptosis and necrosis.FASEB J.,14,729-739.
  20. Eigel, B.N.,Gursahani, H.,Hadley, R.W.(2000).The Sodium-Calcium Exchanger Plays a Key Role in Inducing Apoptosis Following Prolonged Hypoxia in Cultured Guinea Pig Ventricular Myocytes.Am. J. Physiol. (Heart Circ. Physiol.),287,1466-1475.
  21. Eisner, D.A.,Nichols, C.G.,O`Neill, S.C.,Smith, G.L.,Valdeolmillos, M.(1989).The effects of metabolic inhibition on intracellular calcium and pH in isolated rat ventricular cells.J. Physiol. (London),411,393-418.
  22. Farber, J.L.(1981).The role of calcium in cell death.Life Sci,29,1289-1295.
  23. Fink, M.P.(2004).Ethyl pyruvate: a novel treatment for sepsis and shock.Minerva Anestesiol,70,365-371.
  24. Gabbiai, F.B.,Boggiano, C.,Peter, T.,Khang, S.,Archer, C.,Gold, D.P.,Kelly, C.J.(1997).Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase intensifies injury and functional deterioration in autoimmune interstitial nephritis.J. Immunol,159,6266-6675.
  25. Geeraerts, M.D.,Ronveaux-Dupal, M.F.,Lemasters, J.J.,Herman, B.(1991).Cytosolic free Ca(superscript 2+) and proteolysis in lethal oxidative injury in endothelial cells.Am. J. Physiol,261,889-896.
  26. Gurova, K.V.,Kwek, S.S.,Koman, I.E.,Komarov, A.P.,Kandel, E.,Nikiforov, M.A.,Gudkov, A.V.(2002).Apoptosis inhibitor as a suppressor of tumor progression: expression of Bcl-2 eliminates selective advantages for p53-dificient cells in the tumor.Cancer Biol. Ther,1,39-44.
  27. Halliwell, B.,Gutteridge, J.(1999).Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
  28. Hierholzer, C.,Billiar, T.R.(2001).Molecular mechanism in the early phase of hemorrhagic shock.Langenbecks Arch. Surg,386,302-308.
  29. Hierholzer, C.,Harbrecht, B.,Menezes, J.M.,Kane, J.,MacMicking, J.,Nathan, C.F.(1998).Essential role of induced nitric oxide in the initiation of the inflammatory responses after hemorrhagic shock.J. Exp. Med,187,917-928.
  30. Hill, M.M.,Adrain, C.,Martin, S.J.(2003).Portrait of a killer: The mitochondrial apoptosome emerges from the shadow.Mol. Intenventions,3,19-25.
  31. Irvine, R.A.,Adachi, N.,Shibata, D.K.,Cassell, G.D.,Yu, K.,Karanjawala, Z.E.,Hsieh, C.L.,Lieber, M.R.(2005).Generation and characterization of endonuclease G null mice.Mol. Cell Biol,25,294-302.
  32. Jiang, X.,Wang, X.(2004).Cytochrome-c-mediated apoptosis.Annu. Rev. Biochem,73,87-106.
  33. Johnson, J.D.,Conroy, W.G.,Isom G.E.(1987).Alteration of cytosolic calcium levels in PC12 cells by potassium cyanide.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,88,217-224.
  34. Kappeler, L.,Epelbaum, J.(2005).Biological aspects of longevity and ageing.Rev. Epidemiol. Sante Publique,53,235-241.
  35. Kiang, J.G.(1991).Effect of intracellular pH on cytosolic free [Ca(superscript 2+)]i in A- 431 cells.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 207(Molecular Pharmacol. Section),207,287-296.
  36. Kiang, J.G.(2004).Inducible heat shock protein 70 kD and inducible nitric oxide synthase in hemorrhage/resuscitation-induced injury.Cell Res,14,450-459.
  37. Kiang, J.G.,Bowman, D.P.,Wu, B.W.,Hampton, N.,Kiang, A.G.,Zhao, B.,Juang, Y.-T.,Atkins, J.L.,Tsokos, G.C.(2004).Geldanmaycin inhibits hemorrhage-induced increases in caspase-3 activity, KLF6, and iNOS expression in unresuscitated organs of mice: Role of inducible HSP-70.J. Appl. Phsiol,97,564-569.
  38. Kiang, J.G.,Bowman, P.D.,Lu, X.,Li, Y.,Ding, X.Z.,Zhao, B.,Juang, Y.T.,Atkins, J.L.,Tsokos, G.C.(2006).Geldanamycin prevents hemorrhage-induced ATP loss by overexpressing inducible HSP70 and activating pyruvate dehydrogenase.Am. J. Physiol. (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol.),291,117-127.
  39. Kiang, J.G.,Bowman, P.D.,Wu, B.W.,Hampton, N.,Kiang, A.G.,Zhao, B.,Juang, Y.-T.,Atkins, J.L.,Tsokos, G.C.(2004).Geldanamycin inhibits hemorrhage-induced increases in caspase-3 activity, KLF6 and iNOS expression in unresuscitated organs of mice: Role of inducible HSP-70.FASEB J.,18,220-221.
  40. Kiang, J.G.,Ding, X.Z.,McClain, D.E.(1998).Overexpression of HSP- 70 attenuates increases in [Ca(superscript 2+)]i and protects human epidermoid A- 431 cells after chemical hypoxia.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,149,185-194.
  41. Kiang, J.G.,Lu, X.,Tabaku, L.S.,Bentley, T.B.,Atkins, J.L.,Tsokos, G.C.(2005).Resuscitation with lactated Ringer solution limits the expression of molecular events associated with lung injury after hemorrhage.J. Appl. Physiol,98,550-556.
  42. Kiang, J.G.,Peckham, R.M.,Duke, L.E.,Shimizu, T.,Chaudry, I.H.,Tsokos, G.C.(2006).Androstenediol inhibits the trauma-hemorrhageinduced increase in caspase-3 by downregulating the inducible nitric oxide synthase pathway.J. Appl. Physiol.
  43. Kiang, J.G.,Smallridge, R.C.(1994).Sodium cyanide increases cytosolic free calcium: evidence for activation of the reversed mode of the Na(superscript +)/Ca(superscript 2+) exchanger and Ca(superscript 2+) mobilization from inositol trisphosphate-insensitive pools.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,127,173-181.
  44. Kiang, J.G.,Tsokos, G.C.(1996).Signal transduction and heat shock protein expression.J. Biomed. Sci,3,379-388.
  45. Kiang, J.G.,Tsokos, G.C.(1998).Heat shock protein 70 kDa: Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, and Physiology.Pharmacol. Ther,80,183-201.
  46. Kiang, J.G.,Wang, X.D.,Ding, X.Z.,Gist, I.,Smallridge, R.C.(1996).Heat shock inhibits the hypoxia-induced effects on iodide uptake and signal transduction and enhances cell survival in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells.Thyroid,6,475-483.
  47. Kiang, J.G.,Warke, V.G.,Tsokos, G.C.(2003).NaCN-induced chemical hypoxia is associated with altered gene expression.Mol. Cell. Biochem,254,211-216.
  48. Kline, J.A.,Maiorano, P.C.,Schroeder, J.D.,Grattan, R.M.,Vary, T.C.,Watts, J.A.(1997).Activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase improves heart function and metabolism after hemorrhagic shock.J. Mol. Cell Cardiol,29,2465-2474.
  49. Lee, H.H.,Kim, H.,Lee, M.H.,Chang, H.K.,Lee, T.H.,Jang, M.H.,Shin, M.C.,Lim, B.V.,Shin, M.S.,Kim, Y.P.,Yoon, J.H.,Jeong, I.G.,Kim, C.J.(2003).Treadmill exercise decreases intrastriatal hemorrhage- induced neuronal cell death via suppression on caspase-3 expression in rats.Neurosci. Lett,352,33-36.
  50. Leist, M.,Single, B.,Castoldi, A.F.(1997).Intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration: a switch in the decision between apoptosis and necrosis.J. Exp. Med,185,1481-1486.
  51. Lemasters, J.J.(1999).Mechanisms of hepatic toxicity: V-necrapoptosis and the mitochondrial permeability transition: shared pathways for necrosis and apoptosis.Am. J. Physiol,276,1-6.
  52. Liberthal, W.,Menza, S.A.,Levine, J.S.(1998).Graded ATP depletion can cause necrosis or apoptosis of cultured mouse proximal tubular cells.Am. J. Physiol,274,314-327.
  53. Luo, Y.(2004).Long-lived worms and aging.Redox. Rep,9,65-69.
  54. Maduh, E.U.,Borowitz, J.L.,Isom, G.E.(1990).Cyanide-induced alteration of cytosolic pH: Involvemnt of cellular hydrogen ion handling processes.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,106,201-208.
  55. Marsden, V.S.,O`Connor, L.,O`Reilly, L.A.,Silke, J.,Metcalf, D.,Ekert, P.G.,Huang, D.C.,Cecconi, F.,Kuida, K.,Tomaselli, K.J.,Roy. S.,Nicholson, D.W.,Vaux, D.L.,Bouillet, P.,Adams, J.M.,Strasser, A.(2002).Apoptosis initiated by Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome.Nature,419,634-637.
  56. Mauriz, J.L.,Gonzalez, P.,Jorquera, F.,Olcoz, J.L. .,Gonzalez- Gallego. J.(2003).Caspase inhibition does not protect against liver damage in hemorrhagic shock.Shock,19,33-37.
  57. Meldolesi, J.,Pozzan, T.(1987).Pathways of Ca(superscript 2+) influx at the plasma membrane: Voltage-, receptor-, and second messenger-operated channels.Exp. Cell Res,171,271-278.
  58. Mizushima, Y.,Wang, P.,Jarrar, D.,Cioffi, W.G.,Bland, K.I.,Chaudry, I.H.(2000).Preinduction of heat shock proteins protects cardiac and hepatic functions following trauma and hemorrhage.Am. J. Physiol. (Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.),278,352-359.
  59. Mongan, P.D.,Capacchione, J.,West, S.,Karaian, J.,Dubois, D.,Keneally, R.,Sharma, P.(2002).Pyruvate improves redox status and decreases indicators of hepatic apoptosis during hemorrhagic shock in swine.Am. J. Physiol. (Heart Circ. Physiol.),283,1634-1644.
  60. Moore, W.M.,Webber, R.K.,Jerome, G.M.,Tjoeng, F.S.,Misko, T.P.,Currie, M.G.(1994).L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine: a selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase.J. Med. Chem,37,3886-3888.
  61. Murao, Y.,Hata, M.,Ohnishi, K.,Okuchi, K.,Nakajima, Y.,Hiasa, Y.,Junger, W.G.,Hoyt, D.B.,Ohnishi, T.(2003).Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces apoptosis and tissue damage of the small intestine in a mouse model of hemorrhagic shock.Shock,20,23-28.
  62. Nagoshi, T.,Matsui, T.,Aoyama, T.,Leri, A.,Anversa, P.,Li, L.,Ogawa, W.,del Monte, F.,Gwathmey, J.K.,Grazette, L.,Hemmings, B.A.,Kass, D.A.,Champion, H.C.,Rosenzweig, A.(2005).PI3K rescues the detrimental effects of chronic Akt activation in the heart during ischemia/reperfusion injury.J. Clin. Investig,115,2128-2138.
  63. Nakada, H.,Kase, Y.,Matsunaga, T.,Komoda, T.,Iinuma, T.(2003).Caspase 3 activation in nasal capillary in patients with epistaxis.Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg,128,632-639.
  64. Nalos, M.,Asfar, P.,Ichai, C.,Radermacher, P.,Leverve, X.M.(2003).Adenosine trisphosphate-magnesium chloride: Relevance for intensive care.Int. Care Med,29,10-18.
  65. Niki, I.,Yokokura, H.,Sudo, T.,Kato, M.,Hidaka, H.(1996).Ca(superscript 2+) signaling and intracellular Ca(superscript 2+) binding proteins.J. Biochem,120,4685-4698.
  66. Noma, K.,Oyama, N.,Liao, J.K.(2006).Physiological role of ROCKs in the cardiovascular system.Am. J. Physiol. (Cell Physiol.),290,661-668.
  67. O`Mahoney, M.E.,Logue, S.,Szegezdi, E.,Stenson-Cox, C.,Fitzgerald, U.,Samali, A.(2003).Hypoxia and ischemia induce nuclear condensation and caspase activation in cardiomyocytes.Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,1010,728-732.
  68. Orrenius, S.,McConkey, D.J.,Bellomo, G.,Nicotera, P.(1989).Role of Ca(superscript 2+) in toxic cell killing.Trends Pharmacol. Sci,10,281-285.
  69. Paxian, M.,Bauer, I.,Rensing, H.,Jaeschke, H.,Mautes, A.E.,Kolb, S.A.,Wolf, B.,Stockhausen, A.,Jeblick, S.,Bauer, M.(2003).Recovery of hepatocellular ATP and "pericentral apoptosis" after hemorrhage and resuscitation.FASEB J.,17,993-1002.
  70. Pearce, F.J.,Connett, R.J.,Drucker, W.R.(1985).Phase-related changes in tissue energy reserves during hemorrhagic shock.J. Surg. Res,39,390-398.
  71. Pelacho, B.,Natal, C.,Espana, A.,Sanchez-Carpintero, I.,Iraburu, M.J.,Lopez-Zabalza, M.J.(2004).Pemphigus vulgaris autoantibodies induce apoptosis in HaCaT keratinocytes.FEBS Lett,566,6-10.
  72. Philosoph, H.,Zilberstein, D.(1989).Regulation of intracellular calcium in promastigotes of the human protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani.J. Biol. Chem,264,10420-10424.
  73. Pittet, J.F.,Lu, L.N.,Geiser, T.,Lee, H.,Matthay, M.A.,Welch, W.J.(2001).Stress preconditioning attenuates oxidative injury to the alveolar epithelium of the lung following haemorrhage in rats.J. Physiol,538,583-597.
  74. Portelli, C.(1976).The role of the sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium ions in the transfer of energy at the level of the ATP molecule.Physiologie,13,315-319.
  75. Saika, M.,Ueyama, T.,Senba, E.(2000).Expression of immediate early genes, HSP70, and COX-2 mRNAs in rat stomach following ethanol ingestion.Dig. Dis. Sci.,45,2455-2462.
  76. Sakaida, I.,Thomas, A.P.,Farber, J.L.(1992).Phospholipid metabolism and intracellular Ca(superscript 2+) homeostasis in cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated with cyanide.Am. J. Physiol,263,684-690.
  77. Salerno, L.,Sorrenti, V.,Di Giacomo, C.,Romeo, G.,Siracusa, M.A.(2002).Progress in the development of selective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor.Curr. Pharm. Design,8,177-200.
  78. Sato, M.,Ikeda, K.,Yoshizaki, K.,Koyano, H.(1991).Responses of cytosolic calcium to anoxia and cyanide in cultured glomus cells of newborn rabbit carotid body.Brain Res,551,327-330.
  79. Sato, M.,Maulik, N.,Das, D.K.(2002).Cardioprotection with alcohol: role of both alcohol and polyphenolic antioxidants.Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.,957,122-135.
  80. Sebbagh, M.,Renvoize, C.,Hamelin, J.,Riche, N.,Bertoglio, J.,Breard, J.(2001).Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK 1 induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing.Nature Cell Biol,3,346-352.
  81. Shea-Donohue, T.,Anderson, J.,Swiecki, C.,G.C. Tsokos(eds),J.L. Atkins(2003).Combat Medicine - Basic and clinical research in military, trauma, and emergency medicine.New Jersey:Humana Press.
  82. Shimizu, T.,Szalay, L.,Choudhry, M.A.,Schwacha, M.G.,Rue, L.W. III.,Bland, K.I.,Chaudry, I.H.(2005).Mechanism of salutary effects of androstenediol on hepatic function following trauma-hemorrhage: the role of endothelin 1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase.Am. J. Physiol,288,244-250.
  83. Slomiany, B.L.,Piotrowski, J.,Slomiany, A.(1998).Induction of caspase-3 and nitric oxide synthase-2 during gastric mucosal inflammatory reaction to Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide.Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int.,46,1063-1074.
  84. Smith, M.T.,A. Quintanilha(ed.)(1988).Reactive Oxygen Species in Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine.New York:NATO ASI Series, Plenum Press.
  85. Snyder, J.W.,Pastorino, J.G.,Thomas, A.P.,Hoek, J.B.,Farber, J.L.(1993).ATP synthase activity is required for fructose to protect cultured hepatocytes from the toxicity of cyanide.Am. J. Physiol,264,709-714.
  86. Stojadinovic, A.,Kiang, J.G.,Smallridge, R.C.,Galloway, R.L.,Shea-Donohue, T.(1995).Induction of heat-shock protein 72 protects against ischemia/reperfusion in rat small intestine.Gastroenterology,109,505-515.
  87. Susin, S.A.,Lorenzo, H.K.,Zamzami, N.,Marzo, I.,Snow, B.E.,Brothers, G.M.,Mangion, J.,Jacotot, E.,Contantini, P.,Loeffler, M.,Larochette, N.,Goodlett, D.R.,Aebersold, R.,Siderovski, D.P.,Penninger, J.M.,Kroemer, G.(1999).Molecular characterization of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor.Nature,397,441-446.
  88. Susin, S.A.,Zamzami, N.,Castedo, M.,Hirsch, T.,Marchetti, P.,Macho, A.,Ddaugas, E.,Geuskens, M.,Kroemer, G.(1996).Bcl-2 inhibits the mitochondrial release of an apoptogenic protease.J. Exp. Med,184,1331-1341.
  89. Tavaf-Motamen, H.,Miner, T.J.,Starnes, B.W.,Shea-Donohue, T.(1998).Nitric oxide mediates acute lung injury by modulation of inflammation.J. Surg. Res.,78,137-145.
  90. Teti, A.,Blair, H.C.,Schlesinger, P.,Grano, M.(1989).Extracellular protons acidify osteoclasts, reduce cytosolic calcium, and promote expression of cell-matrix attachment structures.J. Clin. Invest,84,773-780.
  91. Thomas, D.D.,Miranda, K.M.,Citrin, D.,Espey, M.G.,Wink, D.A.,G.C. Tsokos(eds),J.L. Atkins(2003).Combat Medicine-Basic and clinical research in military, trauma, and emergency medicine.New Jersey:Humana Press.
  92. Trump, B.F.,Berezesky, I.K.,Smith, M.W.,Phelps, P.C.,Elliget, K.A.(1989).The relationship between cellular ion deregulation BIOLOGY OF HYPOXIA 233 and acute and chronic toxicity.Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,97,6-12.
  93. Tsen, K.T.,Tsen, S.W.D.,Kiang, J.G.(2006).Lycopene is more potent than beta carotene in the neutralization of singlet oxygen: Role of energy transfer probed by ultrafast Raman spectroscopy.J. Biomed. Optics.
  94. Tsien, R.W.(1990).Calcium channels, stores, and oscillations.Annu. Rev. Cell Biol,6,715-760.
  95. Tunici, P.,Schiaffonati, L.,Rabellotti, E.,Tiberio, L.,Perin, A.,Sessa, A.(1999).In vivo modulation of 73 kDa heat shock cognate and 78 kDa glucose-regulating protein gene expression in rat liver and brain by ethanol.Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res,23,1861-1867.
  96. Van Way, C.W. 3rd,Dhar, A.,Morrison, D.C.,Longorio, M.A.,Maxfield, D.M.(2003).Cellular energetics in hemorrhagic shock: restoring adenosine triphosphate to the cells.J. Trauma,54 (Suppl),169-176.
  97. Vaux, D.,Weissman, I.L.,Kim, S.K.(1992).Prevention of programmed cell death in C. elegans by human bcl-2.Science,258,1955-1957.
  98. Wang, X.,Mori, T.,Sumii, T.,Lo, E.H.(2002).Hemoglobin-induced cytotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons: Caspase activation and oxidative stress.Stroke,33,1882-1888.
  99. Wang, X.,Yang, C.,Chai, J.,Shi, Y.,Xue, D.(2002).Mechanisms of AIF-mediated apoptotic DNA degradation in Caenorhabditis elegans.Science,298,1587-1592.
  100. Wang, X.,Zhu, C.,Wang, X.,Hagberg, H.,Korhonen, L.,Sandberg, M.,Lindholm, D.,Blomgren, K.(2004).X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) protein protects against caspase activation and tissue loss after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.Neurobiol. Dis.,16,179-189.
  101. Wiegele, G.,Brandis, M.,Zimmerhackl, L.B.(1998).Apoptosis and necrosis during ischemia in renal tubular cells (LLC-PK and MDCK).Nephrol. Dial. Transplant,13,1158-1167.
  102. Yu, H.P.,Hsieh, Y.C.,Suzuki, T.,Shimizu, T.,Choudhry, M.A.,Schwacha, M.G.,Chaudry, I.H.(2006).Salutary effects of estrogen receptor-beta agonist on lung injury after trauma-hemorrhage.Am. J. Physiol,290,1004-1009.
  103. Yu, J.L.,Rak, J.W.,Coomber, B.L.,Hicklin, D.J.,Kerbel, R.S.(2002).Effect of p53 status on tumor response to antiangiogenic therapy.Science,295,1526-1528.
  104. Zhou, C.,Yamaguchi, M.,Kusaka, G.,Schonholz, C.,Nanda, A.,Zhang, J.H.(2004).Caspase inhibitors prevent endothelial apoptosis and cerebral vasospasm in dog model of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.J. Cerebr. Blood F. Met.,24,419-431.
  105. Zhu, Y.,Mao, X.O.,Sun, Y.,Xia, Z.,Greenberg, D.A.(2002).p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates hypoxic regulation of Mdm2 and p53 in neurons.J. Biol. Chem,277,22909-22914.
  106. Zubrow, A.B.,Delivoria-Papadopoulos, M.,Ashraf, Q.M.,Ballesteros, J.R.,Fritz, K.I.,Mishra, O.P.(2002).Nitric oxide-mediated expression of Bax protein and DNA fragmentation during hypoxia in neuronal nuclei from newborn piglets.Brain Res.,954,60-67.
被引用次数
  1. Yeh, Yu-Lan,Wen, Su-Ying,Pai, Pei-ying,Liao, Hung-En,Lai, Chao-Hung,Kuo, Wu-Hsien,Jong, Gwo-Ping,Huang, Chih-Yang,Ho, Tsung-Jung,Chung, Li-Chin(2015).Cardio Protective Effects of Lumbrokinase and Dilong on Second-Hand Smoke-Induced Apoptotic Signaling in the Heart of a Rat Model.中國生理學雜誌,58(3),188-196.
print cancel