Effects of Cervical-Lymphatic Blockade on Brain Edema and Infarction Volume in Cerebral Ischemic Rats

Jin-Chao Si；Lian-Bi Chen；Zuo-Li Xia

middle cerebral artery occlusion ； cervical-lymphatic blockade ； Ca(superscript 2+) ； glutamate ； NMDA receptor

The Chinese Journal of Physiology

49卷5期（2006 / 10 / 31）

258 - 265

英文

To observe the effects of cervical-lymphatic blockade (CLB) on brain edema and infarction volume of ischemic (MCAO) rat, we examined changes in cerebral water content, Ca(superscript 2+) and glutamate concentrations, cerebral infarction volume and mRNA expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartame receptor 1 (NMDA receptor 1) in the ischemic (left) hemisphere. The present results demonstrated that all the above indices in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion plus cervical lymphatic blockade (MCAO+CLB) were markedly higher than those with only middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) at different time points. These results indicate that CLB can aggravate cerebral ischemia by increasing brain edema and infarction volume.

1. Beck, J.,Lenart, B.,Kintner, D.B.,Sun, D.(2003).Na-K-Cl cotransporter contributes to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.J. Neurosci,23,5061-5068.
2. Bederson, J.B.,Pitts, L.H.,Nishimura, M.C.,Davis, R.L.,Bartkowski, H.M.(1986).Evaluation of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride as a stain for detection and quantification of experimental cerebral infarction in rats.Stroke,17,1304-1308.
3. Bradbury, M.W.,Gserr, H.F.,Westrop, R.J.(1981).Drainage of cerebral interstitial fluid into deep cervical lymph of the rabbit.Am. J. Physiol.,240,329-336.
4. Brailoiu, E.,Brailoiu, G.C.,Mameli, G.,Dolei, A.,Sawaya, B.E.,Dun, N.J.(2006).Acute exposure to ethanol potentiates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat-induced Ca(superscript 2+) overload and neuronal death in cultured rat cortical neurons.J. Neurovir.,12,17-24.
5. Caccamo, D.,Campisi, A.,Curro, M.,Li Volti, G.,Vanella, A.,Ientile, R.(2004).Excitotoxic and post-ischemic neurodegeneration: Involvement of transglutaminases.Amino Acids,27,373-379.
6. Casley-Smith, J.R.,Foldi, M.(1976).The prelymphatic pathways of the brain as revealed by cervical lymphatic obstruction and the passage of particles.Br. J. Exp. Patho.,57,179-188.
7. Cazevieille, C.,Muller, A.,Meynier, F.,Bonne, C.(1993).Superoxide and nitric oxide cooperation in hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced neuron injury.Free Radic. Biol. Med.,14,389-395.
8. DeGraba, T.J.,Ostrow, P.T.,Grotta, J.C.(1993).Threshold of calcium disturbances after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Implications of the window of therapeutic opportunity.Stroke,24,1212-1216.
9. Foldi, M.(1996).The brain and lymphatic system.Lymphology,29,15-24.
10. Foldi, M.(1996).The brain and lymphatic system.Lymphology,29,1-9.
11. Foldi, M.(1996).The brain and lymphatic system.Lymphology,29,10-14.
12. Fonnum, F.(1984).Glutamate: A neurotransmitter in mammalian brain.J. Neurochem,42,1-11.
13. Funayama, H.,Ishikawa, S.E.,Kubo, N.,Katayama, T.,Yasu, T.,Saito, M.,Kawakami, M.(2004).Increases in interleukin-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the infarct-related coronary artery of acute myocardial infarction.Circ. J.,68,451-454.
14. Guo, J.,Meng, F.,Fu, X.,Song, B.,Yan, X.,Zhang, G.(2004).Nmethyl- D-aspartate receptor and L-type voltage-gated Ca(superscript 2+) channel activation mediate proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 phosphorylation during cerebral ischemia in rats.Neurosci. Lett.,355,177-180.
15. Hakim, A.M.(1998).Ischemic penumbra: the therapeutic window.Neurology,51,44-46.
16. Hall, S.R.,Wang, L.,Milne, B.,Hong, M.(2005).Left ventricular dysfunction after acute intracranial hypertension is associated with increased hydroxyl free radical production, cardiac ryanodine hyperphosphorylation, and troponin I degradation.J. Heart Lung Transpl,24,1639-1649.
17. Hollander, W.,Reilly, P.,Burrow, B.A.(1971).Lymphatic flow in human subject as indicted by the disappearances tissue.J. Clin. Invest.,40,222-226.
18. Hossmann, K.A.(1996).Periinfarct depolarizations.Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev.,8,195-208.
19. Hou, S.T.,Jiang, S.X.,Desbois, A.,Huang, D.,Kelly, J.,Tessier, L.,Karchewski, L.,Kappler, J.(2006).Calpain-cleaved collapsin response mediator protein-3 induces neuronal death after glutamate toxicity and cerebral ischemia.J. Neurosci.,26,2241-2249.
20. Ikede, Y.,Wang, M.,Nakazawa, S.(1994).Simple quantitative evaluation of blood-brain barrier disruption in vasogenic brain edama.Acta. Neurochir,60,119-120.
21. Johnston, M.,Zakharov, A.,Koh, L.,Armstrong, D.(2005).Subarachnoid injection of microfil reveals connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatics in the non-human primate.Neuropathol. Applied Neurob.,31,632-640.
22. Johnston, M.,Zakharov, A.,Papaiconomou, C.,Salmasi, G.,Armstrong, D.(2004).Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species.Cerebrospinal Fluid Res.,1,2.
23. Kato, H.,Kogure, K.(1999).Biochemical and molecular characteristics of the brain with developing cerebral infarction.Cell Mol. Neurobiol.,19,93-108.
24. Kaufmann, A.M.,Firlik, A.D.,Fukui, M.B.,Wechsler, L.R.,Jungries, C.A.,Yonas, H.(1999).Ischemic core and penrmbra in human stroke.Stroke,30,93-99.
25. Kiwic, G.,Slusarczyk, K.,Slusarczyk, R.(1998).The central nervous system and the lymphatic system. Lymphatic drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid.Neurol. Neurochir. Pol.,32,633-641.
26. Kondziella, D.,Ludemann, W.,Brinker, T.,Sletvold, O.,Sonnewald, U.(2002).Alterations in brain metabolism, CNS morphology and CSF dynamics in adult rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus.Brain Res.,927,35-41.
27. Koyama, Y.,Matsui, S.,Itoh, S.,Osakada, M.,Baba, A.,Matsuda, T.(2004).The selective Na(superscript +)-Ca(superscript 2+) exchange inhibitor attenuates brain edema after radiofrequency lesion in rats.Eur. J. Pharmacol,489,193-196.
28. Lafon-Cazal, M.,Pletri, S.,Culcasi, M.,Bockaert, J.(1993).NMDA-dependent superoxide production and neurotoxicity.Nature,364,535-537.
29. Leib, S.L.,Leppert, D.,Clements, J.,Tauber, M.G.(2000).Matrix metalloproteinases contribute to brain damage in experimental pneumococcal meningitis.Infect Immun,68,615-620.
30. Lipton, P.(1999).Ischemic cell death in brain neurons.Physiol. Rev.,79,1431-1568.
31. Lipton, S.A.,Rosenberg, P.A.(1994).Excitatory amino acids as a final common pathway for neurologic disorders.N. Engl. J. Med.,330,613-622.
32. lliott, K.A.C.(1949).and Jasper, H. Measurement of experimentally induced brain swelling and shrinkage.Am. J. Physiol.,157,122.
33. Longa, E.Z.,Weinstein, P.R.,Carlson, S.,Cummins, R.(1989).Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.Stroke,20,84-91.
34. Mandler, R.N.,Dencoff, J.D.,Midani, F.,Ford, C.C.,Ahmed, W.,Rosenberg, G.A.(2001).Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in cerebrospinal fluid differ in multiple sclerosis and Devic`s neuromyelitis optica.Brain,124,493-498.
35. Shimada, N.,Graf, R.,Rosner, G.,Heiss, W.D.(1990).Differences in ischemia induced accumulation of amino acids in the rat cortex.Stroke,21,1445-1451.
36. Silver, I.,Li, B.,Szalai, J.,Johnston, M.(1999).Relationship between intracranial pressure and cervical lymphatic pressure and flow rates in sheep.Am. J. Physiol.,277,1712-1717.
37. Steullet, P.,Neijt, H.C.,Cuenod, M.,Do, K.Q.(2006).Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: relevance to schizophrenia.J. Neurosci.,137,807-819.
38. Sun, B.L.,Xia, Z.L.,Yan, Z.W.,Chen, Y.S.,Yang, M.F.(2000).Effects of blockade of cerebral lymphatic drainage on cerebral ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.Clin. Hemorheol. Microcirc.,23,321-325.
39. Tsuji, K.,Aoki, T.,Tejima, E.,Arai, K.,Lee, S.R.,Atochin, D.N.,Huang, P.L.,Wang, X.,Montaner, J.,Lo, E.H.(2005).Tissue plasminogen activator promotes matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation after focal cerebral ischemia.Stroke,36,1954-1959.
40. Unterberg, A.W.,Stover, J.,Kress, B.,Kiening, K.L.(2004).Edema and brain trauma.J. Neurosci.,129,1021-1029.
41. Zakharov, A.,Papaiconomou, C.,Johnston, M.(2004).Lymphatic vessels gain access to cerebrospinal fluid through unique association with olfactory nerves.Lymphat. Res. Biol.,2,139-146.

1. Zheng, Yan-Hong,Zhao, Xiao-Min,Xia, Zuo-Li,Xia, Qing,Song, Xi-Jun,Chen, Lian-Bi(2008).Variations in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate in Conscious Rats with Cervical Lymphatic Blockade.Chinese Journal of Physiology,51(3),178-185.