题名

Stem Cells: A Primer

作者

Thomas C.Y. Lin；Oscar K. S. Lee

关键词

stem cells ； embryonic stem cells ； regenerative medicine

期刊名称

The Chinese Journal of Physiology

卷期/出版年月

51卷4期（2008 / 08 / 01）

页次

197 - 207

内容语文

英文
英文摘要

Having great therapeutic and biotechnological potential, stem cells are extending the frontier in medicine. Not only replace dysfunctional or damaged cells, the so-called regenerative medicine, stem cells may also offer us new perspectives regarding the nature of aging and cancer. This review will cover some basics of stem cells, their current development, and possible applications in medicine. Meanwhile, important remaining challenges of stem cell research are discussed as well.
主题分类 醫藥衛生 > 基礎醫學
参考文献
  1. Al-Hajj, M.,Wicha, M.S.,Benito-Hernandez, A.,Morrison, S.J.,Clarke, M.F.(2003).Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,100,3983-3988.
  2. Amit, M.,Carpenter, M.K.,Inokuma, M.S.,Chiu, C.P.,Harris, C.P.,Waknitz, M.A.,Itskovitz-Eldor, J.,Thomson, J.A.(2000).Clonally derived human embryonic stem cell lines maintain pluripotency and proliferative potential for prolonged periods of culture.Dev. Biol.,227,271-278.
  3. Balsam, L.B.,Wagers, A.J.,Christensen, J.L.,Kofidis, T.,Weissman, I.L.,Robbins, R.C.(2004).Haematopoietic stem cells adopt mature haematopoietic fates in ischaemic myocardium.Nature,428,668-673.
  4. Beltrami, A.P.,Barlucchi, L.,Torella, D.,Baker, M.,Limana, F.,Chimenti, S.,Kasahara, H.,Rota, M.,Musso, E.,Urbanek, K.,Leri, A.,Kajstura, J.,Nadal-Ginard, B.,Anversa, P.(2003).Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration.Cell,114,763-776.
  5. Ben-Hur, T.,Idelson, M.,Khaner, H.,Pera, M.,Reinhartz, E.,Itzik, A.,Reubinoff, B.E.(2004).Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitors improves behavioral deficit in parkinsonian rats.Stem Cells,22,1246-1255.
  6. Bittira, B.,Shum-Tim, D.,Al-Khaldi, A.,Chiu, R.C.(2003).Mobilization and homing of bone marrow stromal cells in myocardial infarction.Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg.,24,393-398.
  7. Bjorklund, L.M.,Sanchez-Pernaute, R.,Chung, S.,Andersson, T.,Chen, I.Y.,McNaught, K.S.,Brownell, A.L.,Jenkins, B.G.,Wahlestedt, C.,Kim, K.S.,Isacson, O.(2002).Embryonic stem cells develop into functional dopaminergic neurons after transplantation in a parkinson rat model.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,99,2344-239.
  8. Bleakley, M.,Riddell, S.R.(2004).Molecules and mechanisms of the graft-versus-leukaemia effect.Nat. Rev. Cancer,4,371-380.
  9. Bonnet, D.,Warren, E.H.,Greenberg, P.D.,Dick, J.E.,Riddell, S.R.(1999).Cd8(+) minor histocompatibility antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones eliminate human acute myeloid leukemia stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,96,8639-8644.
  10. Brazelton, T.R.,Nystrom, M.,Blau, H.M.(2003).Significant differences among skeletal muscles in the incorporation of bone marrowderived cells.Dev. Biol.,262,64-74.
  11. Briggs, R.,King, T.J.(1952).Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs` eggs.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,38,455-463.
  12. Briggs, R.,King, T.J.(1960).Nuclear transplantation studies on the early gastrula (rana pipiens). I. Nuclei of presumptive endoderm.Dev. Biol.,2,252-270.
  13. Cai, C.L.,Liang, X.,Shi, Y.,Chu, P.H.,Pfaff, S.L.,Chen, J.,Evans, S.(2003).Isll identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart.Dev. Cell,5,877-889.
  14. Camargo, F.D.,Green, R.,Capetanaki, Y.,Jackson, K.A.,Goodell, M.A.(2003).Single hematopoietic stem cells generate skeletal muscle through myeloid intermediates.Nat. Med.,9,1520-1527.
  15. Castro, R.F.,Jackson, K.A.,Goodell, M.A.,Robertson, C.S.,Liu, H.,Shine, H.D.(2002).Failure of bone marrow cells to transdifferentiate into neural cells in vivo.Science,297,1299.
  16. Cobaleda, C.,Gutierrez-Cianca, N.,Perez-Losada, J.,Flores, T.,Garcia-Sanz, R.,Gonzalez, M.,Sanchez-Garcia, I.(2000).A primitive hematopoietic cell is the target for the leukemic transformation in human philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Blood,95,1007-1013.
  17. Copelan, E.A.(2006).Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation.N. Engl. J. Med.,354,1813-1826.
  18. Dalerba, P.,Cho, R.W.,Clarke, M.F.(2006).Cancer stem cells: Models and concepts.Annu. Rev. Med.,58,267-284.
  19. Dean, M.,Fojo, T.,Bates, S.(2005).Tumour stem cells and drug resistance.Nat. Rev. Cancer,5,275-284.
  20. Doetsch, F.,Caille, I.,Lim, D.A.,Garcia-Verdugo, J.M.,Alvarez-Buylla, A.(1999).Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain.Cell,97,703-716.
  21. Fewell, S.W.,Pipas, J.M.,Brodsky, J.L.(2002).Mutagenesis of a functional chimeric gene in yeast identifies mutations in the simian virus 40 large T antigen J domain.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,99,2002-2007.
  22. Freed, C.R.,Greene, P.E.,Breeze, R.E.,Tsai, W.Y.,DuMouchel, W.,Kao, R.,Dillon, S.,Winfield, H.,Culver, S.,Trojanowski, J.Q.,Eidelberg, D.,Fahn, S.(2001).Transplantation of embryonic dopamine neurons for severe parkinson`s disease.N. Engl. J. Med.,344,710-719.
  23. Gnecchi, M.,He, H.,Liang, O.D.,Melo, L.G.,Morello, F.,Mu, H.,Noiseux, N.,Zhang, L.,Pratt, R.E.,Ingwall, J.S.,Dzau, V.J.(2005).Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells.Nat. Med.,11,367-368.
  24. Grant, M.B.,May, W.S.,Caballero, S.,Brown, G.A.,Guthrie, S.M.,Mames, R.N.,Byrne, B.J.,Vaught, T.,Spoerri, P.E.,Peck, A.B.,Scott, E.W.(2002).Adult hematopoietic stem cells provide functional hemangioblast activity during retinal neovascularization.Nat. Med.,8,607-612.
  25. Gridelli, B.,Remuzzi, G.(2000).Strategies for making more organs available for transplantation.N. Engl. J. Med.,343,404-410.
  26. Hagell, P.,Piccini, P.,Bjorklund, A.,Brundin, P.,Rehncrona, S.,Widner, H.,Crabb, L.,Pavese, N.,Oertel, W.H.,Quinn, N.,Brooks, D.J.,Lindvall, O.(2002).Dyskinesias following neural transplantation in Parkinson`s disease.Nat. Neurosci.,5,627-628.
  27. Hamazaki, T.,Iiboshi, Y.,Oka, M.,Papst, P.J.,Meacham, A.M.,Zon, L.I.,Terada, N.(2001).Hepatic maturation in differentiating embryonic stem cells in vitro.FEBS Lett.,497,15-19.
  28. Hanna, J.,Wernig, M.,Markoulaki, S.,Sun, C.W.,Meissner, A.,Cassady, J.P.,Beard, C.,Brambrink, T.,Wu, L.C.,Townes, T.M.,Jaenisch, R.(2007).Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with ips cells generated from autologous skin.Science,318,1920-1923.
  29. Herzog, E.L.,Chai, L.,Krause, D.S.(2003).Plasticity of marrow-derived stem cells.Blood,102,3483-3493.
  30. Hess, D.,Li, L.,Martin, M.,Sakano, S.,Hill, D.,Strutt, B.,Thyssen, S.,Gray, D.A.,Bhatia, M.(2003).Bone marrow-derived stem cells initiate pancreatic regeneration.Nat. Biotechnol.,21,763-770.
  31. Hochedlinger, K.,Jaenisch, R.(2002).Monoclonal mice generated by nuclear transfer from mature B and T donor cells.Nature,415,1035-1038.
  32. Holyoake, T.,Jiang, X.,Eaves, C.,Eaves, A.(1999).Isolation of a highly quiescent subpopulation of primitive leukemic cells in chronic myeloid leukemia.Blood,94,2056-2064.
  33. Horowitz, M.M.,Gale, R.P.,Sondel, P.M.,Goldman, J.M.,Kersey, J.,Kolb, H.J.,Rimm, A.A.,Ringden, O.,Rozman, C.,Speck, B.(1990).Graft-versus-leukemia reactions after bone marrow transplantation.Blood,75,555-562.
  34. Humpherys, D.,Eggan, K.,Akutsu, H.,Friedman, A.,Hochedlinger, K.,Yanagimachi, R.,Lander, E.S.,Golub, T.R.,Jaenisch, R.(2002).Abnormal gene expression in cloned mice derived from embryonic stem cell and cumulus cell nuclei.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,99,12889-12894.
  35. Ianus, A.,Holz, G.G.,Theise, N.D.,Hussain, M.A.(2003).In vivo derivation of glucose-competent pancreatic endocrine cells from bone marrow without evidence of cell fusion.J. Clin. Invest.,111,843-850.
  36. Jackson, K.A.,Majka, S.M.,Wang, H.,Pocius, J.,Hartley, C.J.,Majesky, M.W.,Entman, M.L.,Michael, L.H.,Hirschi, K.K.,Goodell, M.A.(2001).Regeneration of ischemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells.J. Clin. Invest.,107,1395-1402.
  37. Jiang, Y.,Jahagirdar, B.N.,Reinhardt, R.L.,Schwartz, R.E.,Keene, C.D.,Ortiz-Gonzalez, X.R.,Reyes, M.,Lenvik, T.,Lund, T.,Blackstad, M.,Du, J.,Aldrich, S.,Lisberg, A.,Low, W.C.,Largaespada, D.A.,Verfaillie, C.M.(2002).Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow.Nature,418,41-49.
  38. Jouneau, A.,Zhou, Q.,Camus, A.,Brochard, V.,Maulny, L.,Collignon, J.,Renard, J.P.(2006).Developmental abnormalities of NT mouse embryos appear early after implantation.Development,133,1597-1607.
  39. Kasahara, H.,Bartunkova, S.,Schinke, M.,Tanaka, M.,Izumo, S.(1998).Cardiac and extracardiac expression of csx/nkx2.5 homeodomain protein.Circ. Res.,82,936-946.
  40. Kaufman, D.S.,Hanson, E.T.,Lewis, R.L.,Auerbach, R.,Thomson, J.A.(2001).Hematopoietic colony-forming cells derived from human embryonic stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,98,10716-10721.
  41. Kehat, I.,Kenyagin-Karsenti, D.,Snir, M.,Segev, H.,Amit, M.,Gepstein, A.,Livne, E.,Binah, O.,Itskovitz-Eldor, J.,Gepstein, L.(2001).Human embryonic stem cells can differentiate into myocytes with structural and functional properties of cardiomyocytes.J. Clin. Invest.,108,407-414.
  42. Krause, D.S.,Theise, N.D.,Collector, M.I.,Henegariu, O.,Hwang, S.,Gardner, R.,Neutzel, S.,Sharkis, S.J.(2001).Multi-organ, multilineage engraftment by a single bone marrow-derived stem cell.Cell,105,369-377.
  43. Krivit, W.,Shapiro, E.G.,Peters, C.,Wagner, J.E.,Cornu, G.,Kurtzberg, J.,Wenger, D.A.,Kolodny, E.H.,Vanier, M.T.,Loes, D.J.,Dusenbery, K.,Lockman, L.A.(1998).Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in globoid-cell leukodystrophy.N. Engl. J. Med.,338,1119-1126.
  44. Laflamme, M.A.,Chen, K.Y.,Naumova, A.V.,Muskheli, V.,Fugate, J.A.,Dupras, S.K.,Reinecke, H.,Xu, C.,Hassanipour, M.,Police, S.,O`Sullivan, C.,Collins, L.,Chen, Y.,Minami, E.,Gill, E.A.,Ueno, S.,Yuan, C.,Gold, J.,Murry, C.E.(2007).Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts.Nat. Biotechnol.,25,1015-1024.
  45. Laflamme, M.A.,Gold, J.,Xu, C.,Hassanipour, M.,Rosler, E.,Police, S.,Muskheli, V.,Murry, C.E.(2005).Formation of human myocardium in the rat heart from human embryonic stem cells.Am. J. Pathol.,167,663-671.
  46. Lagasse, E.,Connors, H.,Al-Dhalimy, M.,Reitsma, M.,Dohse, M.,Osborne, L.,Wang, X.,Finegold, M.,Weissman, I.L.,Grompe, M.(2000).Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo.Nat. Med.,6,1229-1234.
  47. Laugwitz, K.L.,Moretti, A.,Lam, J.,Gruber, P.,Chen, Y.,Woodard, S.,Lin, L.Z.,Cai, C.L.,Lu, M.M.,Reth, M.,Platoshyn, O.,Yuan, J.X.,Evans, S.,Chien, K.R.(2005).Postnatal isl1+cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages.Nature,433,647-653.
  48. Leobon, B.,Garcin, I.,Menasche, P.,Vilquin, J.T.,Audinat, E.,Charpak, S.(2003).Myoblasts transplanted into rat infarcted myocardium are functionally isolated from their host.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,100,7808-7811.
  49. Leor, J.,Gerecht, S.,Cohen, S.,Miller, L.,Holbova, R.,Ziskind, A.,Shachar, M.,Feinberg, M.S.,Guetta, E.,Itskovitz-Eldor, J.(2007).Human embryonic stem cell transplantation to repair the infracted myocardium.Heart,93,1278-1284.
  50. Lucarelli, G.,Galimberti, M.,Polchi, P.,Angelucci, E.,Baronciani, D.,Giardini, C.,Politi, P.,Durazzi, S.M.,Muretto, P.,Albertini, F.(1990).Bone marrow transplantation in patients with thalassemia.N. Engl. J. Med.,322,417-421.
  51. Ma, Y.,Feigin, A.,Dhawan, V.,Fukuda, M.,Shi, Q.,Greene, P.,Breeze, R.,Fahn, S.,Freed, C.,Eidelberg, D.(2002).Dyskinesia after fetal cell transplantation for parkinsonism: A PET study.Ann. Neurol.,52,628-634.
  52. Malatack, J.J.,Consolini, D.M.,Bayever, E.(2003).The status of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in lysosomal storage disease.Pediatr. Neurol.,29,391-403.
  53. Mann, M.R.,Lee, S.S.,Doherty, A.S.,Verona, R.I.,Nolen, L.D.,Schultz, R.M.,Bartolomei, M.S.(2004).Selective loss of imprinting in the placenta following preimplantation development in culture.Development,131,3727-3735.
  54. Martin, C.M.,Meeson, A.P.,Robertson, S.M.,Hawke, T.J.,Richardson, J.A.,Bates, S.,Goetsch, S.C.,Gallardo, T.D.,Garry, D.J.(2004).Persistent expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter, Abcg2, identifies cardiac SP cells in the developing and adult heart.Dev. Biol.,265,262-275.
  55. Molkentin, J.D.,Lin, Q.,Duncan, S.A.,Olson, E.N.(1997).Requirement of the transcription factor gata4 for heart tube formation and ventral morphogenesis.Genes Dev.,11,1061-1072.
  56. Morrison, S.J.,Prowse, K.R.,Ho, P.,Weissman, I.L.(1996).Telomerase activity in hematopoietic cells is associated with self-renewal potential.Immunity,5,207-216.
  57. Mummery, C.,Ward-van Oostwaard, D.,Doevendans, P.,Spijker, R.,van den Brink, S.,Hassink, R.,van der Heyden, M.,Opthof, T.,Pera, M.,de la Riviere, A.B.,Passier, R.,Tertoolen, L.(2003).Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to cardiomyocytes: Role of coculture with visceral endoderm-like cells.Circulation,107,2733-2740.
  58. Murry, C.E.,Soonpaa, M.H.,Reinecke, H.,Nakajima, H.,Nakajima, H.O.,Rubart, M.,Pasumarthi, K.B.,Virag, J.I.,Bartelmez, S.H.,Poppa, V.,Bradford, G.,Dowell, J.D.,Williams, D.A.,Field, L.J.(2004).Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts.Nature,428,664-668.
  59. Nagy, A.,Gocza, E.,Diaz, E.M.,Prideaux, V.R.,Ivanyi, E.,Markkula, M.,Rossant, J.(1990).Embryonic stem cells alone are able to support fetal development in the mouse.Development,110,815-821.
  60. Nakagawa, M.,Koyanagi, M.,Tanabe, K.,Takahashi, K.,Ichisaka, T.,Aoi, T.,Okita, K.,Mochiduki, Y.,Takizawa, N.,Yamanaka, S.(2008).Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells without myc from mouse and human fibroblasts.Nat. Biotechnol.,26,101-106.
  61. Naseem, R.H.,Meeson, A.P.,Michael Dimaio, J.,White, M.D.,Kallhoff, J.,Humphries, C.,Goetsch, S.C.,De Windt, L.J.,Williams, M.A.,Garry, M.G.,Garry, D.J.(2007).Reparative myocardial mechanisms in adult c57bl/6 and mrl mice following injury.Physiol. Genomics.,30,44-52.
  62. Nygren, J.M.,Jovinge, S.,Breitbach, M.,Sawen, P.,Roll, W.,Hescheler, J.,Taneera, J.,Fleischmann, B.K.,Jacobsen, S.E.(2004).Bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells generate cardiomyocytes at a low frequency through cell fusion, but not transdifferentiation.Nat. Med.,10,494-501.
  63. O`Brien, C.A.,Pollett, A.,Gallinger, S.,Dick, J.E.(2007).A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice.Nature,445,106-110.
  64. Odorico, J.S.,Kaufman, D.S.,Thomson, J.A.(2001).Multilineage differentiation from human embryonic stem cell lines.Stem Cells,19,193-204.
  65. Oh, H.,Bradfute, S.B.,Gallardo, T.D.,Nakamura, T.,Gaussin, V.,Mishina, Y.,Pocius, J.,Michael, L.H.,Behringer, R.R.,Garry, D.J.,Entman, M.L.,Schneider, M.D.(2003).Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: Homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,100,12313-12318.
  66. Olanow, C.W.,Goetz, C.G.,Kordower, J.H.,Stoessl, A.J.,Sossi, V.,Brin, M.F.,Shannon, K.M.,Nauert, G.M.,Perl, D.P.,Godbold, J.,Freeman, T.B.(2003).A double-blind controlled trial of bilateral fetal nigral transplantation in parkinson`s disease.Ann. Neurol.,54,403-414.
  67. Olanow, C.W.,Kordower, J.H.,Freeman, T.B.(1996).Fetal nigral transplantation as a therapy for Parkinson`s disease.Trends Neurosci.,19,102-109.
  68. Ono, K.,Yoshihara, K.,Suzuki, H.,Tanaka, K.F.,Takii, T.,Onozaki, K.,Sawada, M.(2003).Preservation of hematopoietic properties in transplanted bone marrow cells in the brain.J. Neurosci. Res.,72,503-507.
  69. Palmer, T.D.,Takahashi, J.,Gage, F.H.(1997).The adult rat hippocampus contains primordial neural stem cells.Mol. Cell. Neurosci.,8,389-404.
  70. Perrier, A.L.,Tabar, V.,Barberi, T.,Rubio, M.E.,Bruses, J.,Topf, N.,Harrison, N.L.,Studer, L.(2004).Derivation of midbrain dopamine neurons from human embryonic stem cells.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,101,12543-12548.
  71. Peters, C.,Balthazor, M.,Shapiro, E.G.,King, R.J.,Kollman, C.,Hegland, J.D.,Henslee-Downey, J.,Trigg, M.E.,Cowan, M.J.,Sanders, J.,Bunin, N.,Weinstein, H.,Lenarsky, C.,Falk, P.,Harris, R.,Bowen, T.,Williams, T.E.,Grayson, G.H.,Warkentin, P.,Sender, L.,Cool, V.A.,Crittenden, M.,Packman, S.,Kaplan, P.,Lockman, L.A.,Anderson, J.,Krivit, W.,Dusenbery, K.,Wagner, J.(1996).Outcome of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation in 40 children with hurler syndrome.Blood,87,4894-4902.
  72. Peters, C.,Charnas, L.R.,Tan, Y.,Ziegler, R.S.,Shapiro, E.G.,DeFor, T.,Grewal, S.S.,Orchard, P.J.,Abel, S.L.,Goldman, A.I.,Ramsay, N.K.,Dusenbery, K.E.,Loes, D.J.,Lockman, L.A.,Kato, S.,Aubourg, P.R.,Moser, H.W.,Krivit, W.(2004).Cerebral x-linked adrenoleukodystrophy: The international hematopoietic cell transplantation experience from 1982 to 1999.Blood,104,881-888.
  73. Piccini, P.,Brooks, D.J.,Bjorklund, A.,Gunn, R.N.,Grasby, P.M.,Rimoldi, O.,Brundin, P.,Hagell, P.,Rehncrona, S.,Widner, H.,Lindvall, O.(1999).Dopamine release from nigral transplants visualized in vivo in a parkinson`s patient.Nat. Neurosci.,2,1137-1140.
  74. Quaini, F.,Urbanek, K.,Beltrami, A.P.,Finato, N.,Beltrami, C.A.,Nadal-Ginard, B.,Kajstura, J.,Leri, A.,Anversa, P.(2002).Chimerism of the transplanted heart.N. Engl. J. Med.,346,5-15.
  75. Randolph, S.S.,Gooley, T.A.,Warren, E.H.,Appelbaum, F.R.,Riddell, S.R.(2004).Female donors contribute to a selective graft-versusleukemia effect in male recipients of hla-matched, related hematopoietic stem cell transplants.Blood,103,347-352.
  76. Reubinoff, B.E.,Pera, M.F.,Fong, C.-Y.,Trounson, A.,Bongso, A.(2000).Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: Somatic differentiation in vitro.Nat. Biotech.,18,399-404.
  77. Shake, J.G.,Gruber, P.J.,Baumgartner, W.A.,Senechal, G.,Meyers, J.,Redmond, J.M.,Pittenger, M.F.,Martin, B.J.(1925).Mesenchymal stem cell implantation in a swine myocardial infarct model: Engraftment and functional effects.Ann. Thorac. Surg.,73,1919-1925.
  78. Shiota, K.,Yanagimachi, R.(2002).Epigenetics by DNA methylation for development of normal and cloned animals.Differentiation,69,162-166.
  79. Singh, S.K.,Clarke, I.D.,Terasaki, M.,Bonn, V.E.,Hawkins, C.,Squire, J.,Dirks, P.B.(2003).Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumors.Cancer Res.,63,5821-5828.
  80. Snir, M.,Kehat, I.,Gepstein, A.,Coleman, R.,Itskovitz-Eldor, J.,Livne, E.,Gepstein, L.(2003).Assessment of the ultrastructural and proliferative properties of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes.Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.,285,2355-2363.
  81. Sodani, P.,Gaziev, D.,Polchi, P.,Erer, B.,Giardini, C.,Angelucci, E.,Baronciani, D.,Andreani, M.,Manna, M.,Nesci, S.,Lucarelli, B.,Clift, R.A.,Lucarelli, G.(2004).New approach for bone marrow transplantation in patients with class 3 thalassemia aged younger than 17 years.Blood,104,1201-1203.
  82. Somers, J.,Smith, C.,Donnison, M.,Wells, D.N.,Henderson, H.,McLeay, L.,Pfeffer, P.L.(2006).Gene expression profiling of individual bovine nuclear transfer blastocysts.Reproduction,131,1073-1084.
  83. Spradling, A.,Drummond-Barbosa, D.,Kai, T.(2001).Stem cells find their niche.Nature,414,98-104.
  84. Strauer, B.E.,Brehm, M.,Zeus, T.,Kostering, M.,Hernandez, A.,Sorg, R.V.,Kogler, G.,Wernet, P.(2002).Repair of infarcted myocardium by autologous intracoronary mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation in humans.Circulation,106,1913-1918.
  85. Takahashi, K.,Tanabe, K.,Ohnuki, M.,Narita, M.,Ichisaka, T.,Tomoda, K.,Yamanaka, S.(2007).Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.Cell,131,861-872.
  86. Theise, N.D.,Henegariu, O.,Grove, J.,Jagirdar, J.,Kao, P.N.,Crawford, J.M.,Badve, S.,Saxena, R.,Krause, D.S.(2002).Radiation pneumonitis in mice: A severe injury model for pneumocyte engraftment from bone marrow.Exp. Hematol.,30,1333-1338.
  87. Toma, C.,Pittenger, M.F.,Cahill, K.S.,Byrne, B.J.,Kessler, P.D.(2002).Human mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart.Circulation,105,93-98.
  88. Urbanek, K.,Quaini, F.,Tasca, G.,Torella, D.,Castaldo, C.,Nadal-Ginard, B.,Leri, A.,Kajstura, J.,Quaini, E.,Anversa, P.(2003).Intense myocyte formation from cardiac stem cells in human cardiac hypertrophy.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,100,10440-10445.
  89. Vallieres, L.,Sawchenko, P.E.(2003).Bone marrow-derived cells that populate the adult mouse brain preserve their hematopoietic identity.J. Neurosci.,23,5197-5207.
  90. Vassilopoulos, G.,Wang, P.R.,Russell, D.W.(2003).Transplanted bone marrow regenerates liver by cell fusion.Nature,422,901-904.
  91. Vaziri, H.,Dragowska, W.,Allsopp, R.C.,Thomas, T.E.,Harley, C.B.,Lansdorp, P.M.(1994).Evidence for a mitotic clock in human hematopoietic stem cells: Loss of telomeric DNA with age.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.,91,9857-9860.
  92. Wagers, A.J.,Sherwood, R.I.,Christensen, J.L.,Weissman, I.L.(2002).Little evidence for developmental plasticity of adult hematopoietic stem cells.Science,297,2256-2259.
  93. Wakayama, S.,Jakt, M.L.,Suzuki, M.,Araki, R.,Hikichi, T.,Kishigami, S.,Ohta, H.,Van Thuan, N.,Mizutani, E.,Sakaide, Y.,Senda, S.,Tanaka, S.,Okada, M.,Miyake, M.,Abe, M.,Nishikawa, S.,Shiota, K.,Wakayama, T.(2006).Equivalency of nuclear transfer-derived embryonic stem cells to those derived from fertilized mouse blastocysts.Stem Cells,24,2023-2033.
  94. Wall, D.A.,Grange, D.K.,Goulding, P.,Daines, M.,Luisiri, A.,Kotagal, S.(1998).Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of alphamannosidosis.J. Pediatr.,133,282-285.
  95. Walters, M.C.,Patience, M.,Leisenring, W.,Eckman, J.R.,Scott, J.P.,Mentzer, W.C.,Davies, S.C.,Ohene-Frempong, K.,Bernaudin, F.,Matthews, D.C.,Storb, R.,Sullivan, K.M.(1996).Bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease.N. Engl. J. Med.,335,369-376.
  96. Walters, M.C.,Storb, R.,Patience, M.,Leisenring, W.,Taylor, T.,Sanders, J.E.,Buchanan, G.E.,Rogers, Z.R.,Dinndorf, P.,Davies, S.C.,Roberts, I.A.,Dickerhoff, R.,Yeager, A.M.,Hsu, L.,Kurtzberg, J.,Ohene-Frempong, K.,Bunin, N.,Bernaudin, F.,Wong, W.Y.,Scott, J.P.,Margolis, D.,Vichinsky, E.,Wall, D.A.,Wayne, A.S.,Pegelow, C.,Redding-Lallinger, R.,Wiley, J.,Klemperer, M.,Mentzer, W.C.,Smith, F.O.,Sullivan, K.M.(2000).Impact of bone marrow transplantation for symptomatic sickle cell disease: An interim report. Multicenter investigation of bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell disease.Blood,95,1918-1924.
  97. Wilmut, I.,Schnieke, A.E.,McWhir, J.,Kind, A.J.,Campbell, K.H.(1997).Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells.Nature,385,810-813.
  98. Wollert, K.C.,Meyer, G.P.,Lotz, J.,Ringes Lichtenberg, S.,Lippolt, P.,Breidenbach, C.,Fichtner, S.,Korte, T.,Hornig, B.,Messinger, D.,Arseniev, L.,Hertenstein, B.,Ganser, A.,Drexler, H.(2004).Intracoronary autologous bone-marrow cell transfer after myocardial infarction: The boost randomised controlled clinical trial.Lancet,364,141-148.
  99. Xu, C.,Police, S.,Rao, N.,Carpenter, M.K.(2002).Characterization and enrichment of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells.Circ. Res.,91,501-508.
  100. Yu, J.,Thomson, A. J.,Domen, J.,Wagers, A.,Weissman, I. L.,Panchision, D.,Zwaka, T. P.,Rohrbaugh, M. L.(2006).Regenerative Medicine 2006.Department of Health and Human Services, National Insititude of Health.
  101. Yu, J.,Vodyanik, M.A.,Smuga-Otto, K.,Antosiewicz-Bourget, J.,Frane, J.L.,Tian, S.,Nie, J.,Jonsdottir, G.A.,Ruotti, V.,Stewart, R.,Slukvin, II,Thomson, J.A.(2007).Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells.Science,318,1917-1920.
  102. Zhang, S.C.,Wernig, M.,Duncan, I.D.,Brustle, O.,Thomson, J.A.(2001).In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells.Nat. Biotechnol.,19,1129-1133.
  103. Zorina, T.D.,Subbotin, V.M.,Bertera, S.,Alexander, A.M.,Haluszczak, C.,Gambrell, B.,Bottino, R.,Styche, A.J.,Trucco, M.(2003).Recovery of the endogenous beta cell function in the nod model of autoimmune diabetes.Stem Cells,21,377-388.
被引用次数
  1. 于寧祥(2015)。分離式圓形雙簧壓電薄膜泵之設計與性能研究。國立臺灣大學機械工程學系學位論文。2015。1-87。 
print cancel