题名

Updating the Checklist of the Naturalized Flora in Taiwan

DOI

10.6165/tai.2022.67.1

作者

Chia-Hao CHANG-YANG；Mong-Huai SU；Po-Hui CHIANG；Chang-Fu HSIEH

关键词

Exotic species ； invasive species ； islands ； life history ； naturalized species ； regional flora ； taxonomical distribution

期刊名称

TAIWANIA

卷期/出版年月

67卷1期（2022 / 03 / 01）

页次

1 - 8+s1-22

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

The species richness of naturalized flora in Taiwan has continued to increase over the past decade. To understand the recent dynamics of naturalization, we updated the checklist of naturalized plants and investigated their chronology, taxonomic distributions, life histories, origins, and invasive risks. One hundred thirty-five species were newly added, and 58 species were excluded owing to a lack of clear evidence of naturalization. The number of naturalized species per decade has gradually increased, peaking in the 2000s (144 species), and declining remarkably in the 2010s (63 species). Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae were the most species-rich families, consistent with the global patterns of naturalized alien flora. These exotic species were primarily perennial herbs, followed by annual herbs and shrubs. America has been the most consistent source of naturalized species over the past 160 years. Although the naturalization rate has decreased in the last decade, a few potential invaders (i.e., species with extremely high risk scores) are still worthy of further monitoring and management.
主题分类 生物農學 > 植物學
生物農學 > 動物學
生物農學 > 生物環境與多樣性
参考文献
  1. APG IV. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181(1): 1–20.
    連結：
  2. Chen, C.-H. and C.-M. Wang. 2014. Antirrhinum orontium L. (Scrophulariaceae), a newly naturalized genus and species in Taiwan. Coll. Res. 27: 71–75.
    連結：
  3. Chen, C.-H. and C.-M. Wang. 2019. Geranium dissectum L. (Geraniaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Coll. Res. 32: 57–61.
    連結：
  4. Chen, P.-H., C.-S. Lin , C.-F. Chen and S.-Z. Yang. 2016. Two newly naturalized plants in Taiwan - Tinospora crispa (L.) J. D. Hook. & Thom. (Menispermaceae) and Passiflora laurifolia L. (Passifloraceae). J. Nat. Taiwan Mus. 69(2): 31–42.
    連結：
  5. Chen, P.-H. and S.-Z. Yang. 2017. Ipomoea leucantha Jacq. (Convolvulaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. J. Nat. Taiwan Mus. 70(1): 1–8.
    連結：
  6. Chen, S.-H. and Y.-C. Li. 2012. Remarks on the species of Gomphrena (Amaranthaceae) of Taiwan. Taiwania 57(3): 312–317.
    連結：
  7. Chiu, H.-L., S.-I. Lee, C.-L. Yeh, C.-T. Shii and C.-R. Yeh. 2007. Musa balbisiana L. A. Colla, A Newly Naturalized Wild Banana in Taiwan. J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 56(3): 215–223.
    連結：
  8. Chung, A.-C., K.-Y. Tam, Y.-M. Wang, P.-H. Chen and S.-Z. Yang. 2018a. Passiflora biflora Lam. (Passifloraceae): A newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. J. Nat. Taiwan Mus. 71(2): 77–83.
    連結：
  9. Corlett, R. T. 1992. The naturalized flora of Hong Kong: A comparison with Singapore. J Biogeogr 19(4): 421–430.
    連結：
  10. Essl, F., B. Lenzner, S. Bacher, S. Bailey, C. Capinha, C. Daehler, S. Dullinger, P. Genovesi, C. Hui, P. E. Hulme, J. M. Jeschke, S. Katsanevakis, I. Kühn, B. Leung, A. Liebhold, C. Liu, H. J. MacIsaac, L. A. Meyerson, M. A. Nuñez, A. Pauchard, P. Pyšek, W. Rabitsch, D. M. Richardson, H. E. Roy, G. M. Ruiz, J. C. Russell, N. J. Sanders, D. F. Sax, R. Scalera, H. Seebens, M. Springborn, A. Turbelin, M. van Kleunen, B. von Holle, M. Winter, R. D. Zenni, B. J. Mattsson and N. Roura-Pascual. 2020. Drivers of future alien species impacts: An expert-based assessment. Glob. Change Biol. 26(9): 4880–4893.
    連結：
  11. Forbes, F. B. and W. B. Hemsley. 1890. An enumeration of all the plants known from China Proper, Formosa, Hainan, Corea, the Luchu Archipelago, and the Island of Hongkong, together with their distribution and synonymy (Stylidiese - Cycadacece) - Part VIII. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26(174): 121–236.
    連結：
  12. Forbes, F. B. and W. B. Hemsley. 1894. An enumeration of all the plants known from China Proper, Formosa, Hainan, Corea, the Luchu Archipelago, and the Island of Hongkong, together with their distribution and synonymy (Stylidiese - Cycadacece) - Part XI. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 26(177): 397–456.
    連結：
  13. Gao, Y.-D., R.-J. Wang and C.-I. Peng. 2010. Diodia teres Walt. (Rubiaceae), a Newly Recorded Weed in Fujian. Taiwania 55(2): 177–179.
    連結：
  14. Gioria, M. and P. Pyšek. 2016. The legacy of plant invasions: Changes in the soil seed bank of invaded plant communities. BioScience 66(1): 40–53.
    連結：
  15. Hill, S. B. and P. M. Kotanen. 2009. Evidence that phylogenetically novel non-indigenous plants experience less herbivory. Oecologia 161(3): 581–590.
    連結：
  16. Ho, T.-C., C.-I. Peng, T.-Y. Chiang and T.-W. Hsu. 2011. A taxonomical study of the genus Medicago (Fabaceae) from Mt. Hohuan of Taiwan. Taiwan J of Biodivers 13(4): 333–344.
    連結：
  17. Hsieh, C.-F. 2012. National Survey of Invasive Alien Plants in Taiwan. Taiwan Forestry Bureau, Taipei, pp. 1108.
    連結：
  18. Hsieh, C. H. 2002. Composition, endemism and phytogeographical affinities of the Taiwan Flora. Taiwania 47(4): 298–310.
    連結：
  19. Hsieh, S.-I., C.-T. Lee, C.-S. Leou, J.-H. Wu and C.-L. Yeh. 2013. Abelmoschus manihot var. pungens (Roxburgh) Hochreutiner (Malvaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwania 58(2): 119–123.
    連結：
  20. Hsieh, S.-I., C.-T. Lee, J.-H. Wu, H.-Y. Lin and C.-L. Yeh. 2012. A newly naturalized species in Taiwan: Phytolacca icosandra L. (Phytolaccaceae). Taiwania 57(4): 396–398.
    連結：
  21. Hsu, C.-C. 1973. Some noteworthy plants found in Taiwan. Taiwania 18(1): 62–72.
    連結：
  22. Hsu, T.-C., Z.-H. Chen and Y.-S. Chao. 2017. New additions of the bladderworts (Lentibulariaceae) in Taiwan. Taiwania 62(1): 99–104.
    連結：
  23. Hsu, T.-C., J.-J. Lin and S.-W. Chung. 2009. Two newly discovered plants in Taiwan. Taiwania 54(4): 403–407.
    連結：
  24. Hsu, T.-W., T.-Y. Chiang and C.-I. Peng. 2011. Lobelia cliffortiana L. (Campanulaceae) a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 13(1): 93–96.
    連結：
  25. Hsu, T.-W., Y.-C. Chiang, H.-Y. Liu and T.-Y. Chiang. 2012a. Soapberries Belonging to the Genus Cardiospermum L. (Sapindaceae) from Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 14(1-2): 81–88.
    連結：
  26. Hsu, T.-W., C.-Y. Li and C.-M. Wang. 2012b. Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae) a newly naturalized plant to Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 14(3-4): 91–97.
    連結：
  27. Hsu, T.-W., C.-I. Peng, T.-Y. Chiang and C.-C. Huang. 2010. Three newly naturalized species of the genus Ludwigia (Onagraceae) to Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 12(3): 303–308.
    連結：
  28. Huang, S.-F. and T.-C. Huang. 1996. Notes on the Flora of Taiwan (26) - Neptunia gracilis Benth. (Leguminosae). Taiwania 41(4): 265–269.
    連結：
  29. Hulme, P. E. 2009. Trade, transport and trouble: Managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. J. Appl. Ecol. 46(1): 10–18.
    連結：
  30. Jiang, H., Q. Fan, J.-T. Li, S. Shi, S.-P. Li, W.-B. Liao and W.-S. Shu. 2011. Naturalization of alien plants in China. Biodivers. Conserv. 20(7): 1545–1556.
    連結：
  31. Jung, M.-J., C.-W. Chen and S.-W. Chung. 2009. Chloris divaricata (Poaceae) and its variety C. divaricata cynodontoides in Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 24(3): 205–211.
    連結：
  32. Jung, M.-J., C.-W. Chen and S.-W. Chung. 2010. Two newly naturalized plants in Taiwan. Taiwania 55(4): 412–416.
    連結：
  33. Jung, M.-J., M.-K. Chu, T.-C. Hsu, R.-C. Kao and S.-S. Dai. 2012. Four newly naturalized grasses and rushes in Taiwan. Taiwania 57(4): 426–433.
    連結：
  34. Jung, M.-J. and S.-W. Chung. 2010. Erechtites hieraciifolius (Asteraceae) and its variety, E. hieraciifolius var. cacalioides, in Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 25(3): 271–276.
    連結：
  35. Jung, M.-J., C.-W. Hsien, Y.-C. Kao and C.-L. Yeh. 2011a. Pectis L. (Asteraceae), a newly recorded genus to the Flora of Taiwan. Taiwania 56(2): 173–176.
    連結：
  36. Jung, M.-J. and Y.-C. Kao. 2013. Three new-naturalized plants in Taiwan. Taiwania 58(1): 61-66.
    連結：
  37. Jung, M.-J., S.-M. Ku and C.-I. Peng. 2011b. Oldenlandiopsis Terell & W. H. Lewis (Rubiaceae), a newly recorded genus in Taiwan. Taiwania 56(1): 58–61.
    連結：
  38. Ko, Y.-N., F.-S. Chou and C.-K. Liao. 2011. A newly naturalized species in Taiwan: Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. (Apocynaceae). Taiwania 56(2): 169–172.
    連結：
  39. Ko, Y.-N. and H.-Y. Liu. 2011. Merremia cissoides (Lam.) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae), a newly naturalized plant to Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 13(4): 345–348.
    連結：
  40. Levine, J. M. and C. M. D'Antonio. 2003. Forecasting biological invasions with increasing international trade. Conserv. Biol. 17(1): 322–326.
    連結：
  41. Li, C.-Y. and C.-M. Wang. 2012. Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. (Malvaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 34(4): 263–268.
    連結：
  42. Liang, Y.-S., C.-H. Chen and J.-C. Wang. 2012. Taxonomic revision of Lindernia All. (Scrophulariaceae sensu lato) in Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 27(1): 95–116.
    連結：
  43. Liang, Y.-S., M.-J. Jung, S.-C. Wu, Y.-C. Kao and J.-C. Wang. 2011. Stemodia L. (Scrophulariaceae), a newly naturalized genus in Taiwan. Taiwania 56(1): 62–65.
    連結：
  44. Liang, Y.-S. and J.-C. Wang. 2012. A newly naturalized plant in Taiwan: Silene gallica L. (Caryophyllaceae). Taiwan J. For. Sci. 27(4): 397–401.
    連結：
  45. Liao, H.-C., M.-H. Chan and C.-H. Chen. 2020. Barcode of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) as a useful tool to recognize a newly naturalized and potentially invasive weed, Chloris pilosa Schumach. (Poaceae), in Taiwan. Taiwania 65(2): 129–139.
    連結：
  46. Lin, C.-J., C.-M. Wang, K.-C. Yang and Y.-H. Tseng. 2012. Abutilon hulseanum (Torr. & A. Gray) Torr. ex A. Gray (Malvaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 34(3): 173–178.
    連結：
  47. Lin, H.-W., C.-M. Wang and Y.-H. Tseng. 2010. Sida spinosa L. (Malvaceae), A newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 32(2): 1–6.
    連結：
  48. Lin, T.-P. 2019. The Orchid Flora of Taiwan: A Collection of Line Drawings. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, 1032.pp.
    連結：
  49. Liou, S.-C., H.-Y. Tzeng and Y.-H. Tseng. 2011. Utricularia graminifolia Vahl (Lentibulariaceae): a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 33(2): 29–34.
    連結：
  50. Liu, H.-Y., C.-M. Wang and Y.-H. Tseng. 2013. Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 35: 15–22.
    連結：
  51. Liu, J., S.-C. Liang, F.-H. Liu, R.-Q. Wang and M. Dong. 2005. Invasive alien plant species in China: Regional distribution patterns. Divers. Distrib. 11(4): 341–347.
    連結：
  52. PPG I. 2016. A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns. J. Syst. Evol. 54(6): 563–603.
    連結：
  53. Pyšek, P. and P. E. Hulme. 2005. Spatio-temporal dynamics of plant invasions: Linking pattern to process. Écoscience 12(3): 302–315.
    連結：
  54. Pyšek, P., V. Jarošík, P. E. Hulme, I. Kühn, J. Wild, M. Arianoutsou, S. Bacher, F. Chiron, V. Didžiulis, F. Essl, P. Genovesi, F. Gherardi, M. Hejda, S. Kark, P. W. Lambdon, M.-L. Desprez-Loustau, W. Nentwig, J. Pergl, K. Poboljšaj, W. Rabitsch, A. Roques, D. B. Roy, S. Shirley, W. Solarz, M. Vilà and M. Winter. 2010. Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 107(27): 12157–12162.
    連結：
  55. Pyšek, P., V. Jarošík, P. E. Hulme, I. Kühn, J. Wild, M. Arianoutsou, S. Bacher, F. Chiron, V. Didžiulis, F. Essl, P. Genovesi, F. Gherardi, M. Hejda, S. Kark, P. W. Lambdon, M.-L. Desprez-Loustau, W. Nentwig, J. Pergl, K. Poboljšaj, W. Rabitsch, A. Roques, D. B. Roy, S. Shirley, W. Solarz, M. Vilà and M. Winter. 2010. Disentangling the role of environmental and human pressures on biological invasions across Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 107(27): 12157–12162.
    連結：
  56. Pyšek, P., J. Pergl, F. Essl, B. Lenzner, W. Dawson, H. Kreft, P. Weigelt, M. Winter, J. Kartesz, M. Nishino, L. A. Antonova, J. F. Barcelona, F. J. Cabezas, D. Cárdenas, J. Cárdenas-Toro, N. Castańo, E. Chacón, C. Chatelain, S. Dullinger, A. L. Ebel, E. Figueiredo, N. Fuentes, P. Genovesi, Q. J. Groom, L. Henderson, Inderjit, A. Kupriyanov, S. Masciadri, N. Maurel, J. Meerman, O. Morozova, D. Moser, D. Nickrent, P. M. Nowak, S. Pagad, A. Patzelt, P. B. Pelser, H. Seebens, W. Shu, J. Thomas, M. Velayos, E. Weber, J. J. Wieringa, M. P. Baptiste and M. van Kleunen. 2017. Naturalized alien flora of the world: Species diversity, taxonomic and phylogenetic patterns, geographic distribution and global hotspots of plant invasion. Preslia 89(3): 203–274.
    連結：
  57. Randall, R. P. 2016. Can a plant’s cultural status and weed history provide a generalised weed risk score? In: Randall, R. P. et al. (eds.), The 20th Australasian Weeds Conference; 11–15 September; Perth, Western Australia: Weeds Society of Western Australia, Perth. pp. 5–12.
    連結：
  58. Rejmanek, M. and D. M. Richardson. 1996. What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology 77(6): 1655–1661.
    連結：
  59. Richardson, D. M. and P. Pyšek. 2012. Naturalization of introduced plants: Ecological drivers of biogeographical patterns. New Phytol. 196(2): 383–396.
    連結：
  60. Ryu, T.-B., J.-W. Kim and S.-E. Lee. 2017. The exotic flora of Korea: Actual list of neophytes and their ecological characteristics. Korean J. Environ. Ecol. 31(4): 365–380.
    連結：
  61. Su, M.-H. and G. Hassemer. 2019. Tradescantia crassula (Commelinaceae) naturalised outside the Americas: First records of the species in Taiwan. Iheringia Ser Bot. 74: e2019014.
    連結：
  62. Su, M.-H. and P.-F. Lu. 2014. Sedum sarmentosum Bunge (Crassulaceae), a newly naturalized herb in Taiwan. Taiwania 59(1): 82–85.
    連結：
  63. Taiwan Pteridophyte Group. 2019. Updating Taiwanese pteridophyte checklist: a new phylogenetic classification. Taiwania 64(4): 367–395.
    連結：
  64. Thompson, K., J. G. Hodgson and T. C. G. Rich. 1995. Native and alien invasive plants: more of the same? Ecography 18(4): 390–402.
    連結：
  65. Tsai, Y.-C., L. Pau-Jee, Y.-H. Chang and T.-H. Hsieh. 2010. Merremia dissecta (Jacq.) H. Hallier. - A newly naturalized species in Taiwan. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 3(2): 1–7.
    連結：
  66. Tseng, Y.-H., C.-T. Chao, C.-Y. Liou and C.-I. Peng. 2012. Flaveria linearis Lag. (Asteraceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 34(1): 63–70.
    連結：
  67. Tseng, Y.-H., C.-T. Chao, C.-C. Wang and S.-C. Liu. 2010. Callisia repens (Jacq.) L. (Commelinaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 32(4): 1–6.
    連結：
  68. Wang, C.-M. and C.-H. Chen. 2010. Lactuca serriola (Asteraceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwania 55(3): 331–333.
    連結：
  69. Wang, C.-M. and C.-H. Chen. 2012. Two newly naturalized plants of the leguminosae in Taiwan: Macroptilium bracteatum (Nees & Mart.) Maréchal & Baudet and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Toubert. Coll. Res. 25: 17–23.
    連結：
  70. Wang, C.-M. and C.-H. Chen. 2013. Digera muricata (L.)Mart. (Amaranthaceae), a newly naturalized genus and species in Taiwan. Taiwania 58(3): 194–198.
    連結：
  71. Wang, C.-M. and C.-Y. Li. 2013. Hibiscus panduriformis Burm. f. (Malvaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. J. Nat. Taiwan Mus. 66(2): 47–54.
    連結：
  72. Wang, C.-M. and Y.-H. Tseng. 2014. Neptunia plena (L.) Benth. (Leguminosae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 36(1): 1–6.
    連結：
  73. Wu, S.-H., C.-F. Hsieh, S.-M. Chaw and M. Rejmánek. 2004a. Plant invasions in Taiwan: Insights from the flora of casual and naturalized alien species. Divers. Distrib. 10(5-6): 349–362.
    連結：
  74. Wu, S.-H., C.-F. Hsieh and M. Rejmánek. 2004b. Catalogue of the naturalized flora of Taiwan. Taiwania 49(1): 16–31.
    連結：
  75. Wu, S.-H., T. Y. A. Yang, Y.-C. Teng, C.-Y. Chang, K.-C. Yang and C.-F. Hsieh. 2010. Insights of the latest naturalized flora of Taiwan: Change in the past eight years. Taiwania 55(2): 139–159.
    連結：
  76. Yang, C.-K., Y.-F. Chen, C.-P. Chen and Y.-N. Wang. 2011. Two newly naturalized plants in Taiwan: Cecropia peltata L. (Cecropiaceae) and Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf. (Apocynaceae). Jour. Exp. For. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 25(3): 173–179.
    連結：
  77. Yang, C.-K., Y.-R. Huang, s.-T. Yeh, S.-R. Huang and W.-T. Liou. 2019. Newly nautralized Abies firma Siebold & Zucc. (Pinaceae) in Taiwan. Jour. Exp. For. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 33(4): 311–318.
    連結：
  78. Yang, S.-Z. and M. T. Buril. 2012. A new alien distribution record and addition to the Flora of Taiwan: Jacquemontia polyantha (Schltdl. & Cham.) Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae) Taiwania 57(4): 418–421.
    連結：
  79. Chang, C.-Y. and Y.-H. Tseng. 2020. Cirsium vulgare (Compositae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 42: 49–58.
  80. Chao, C.-T., P.-H. Chen and Y.-H. Tseng. 2017a. Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae), a newly naturalized species in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 39: 107–111.
  81. Chao, C.-T., P.-H. Chen and C.-M. Wang. 2017b. Two newly naturalized plant species in Taiwan: Astraea lobata and Merremia umbellata. Q. J. For. Res. 39: 285–294.
  82. Chao, C.-T., C.-L. Cheng and C.-M. Wang. 2019. Ipomoea lacunosa (Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea sect. Batatas): a newly naturalized species of Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 34: 55–62.
  83. Chao, C.-T., Y.-L. Huang, S.-Q. Liu and Y.-H. Tseng. 2014. Gibasis pellucida (Martens & Galeotti) D.R. Hunt (Commelinaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 36: 77–84.
  84. Chao, C.-T. and C.-M. Wang. 2019. Begonia hirtella Link (Begoniaceae: sect. Ephemera), a newly naturalized species of Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 41: 81–88.
  85. Chao, C.-T., C.-M. Wang and Y.-H. Tseng. 2017c. Thymophylla tenuiloba var. tenuiloba (Compositae: Tageteae), a newly naturalized species in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 39: 1–7.
  86. Chao, J.-T. 2005. Invasive and Alien Species in Taiwan. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 192.pp.
  87. Chen, C.-F., C.-G. Hsiao, P.-H. Chen and S.-Z. Yang. 2017. Melanthera nivea (L.) Small (Asteraceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 19: 173–178.
  88. Chen, C.-F., C.-W. Lin and S.-Z. Yang. 2013. Callitriche deflexa A. Braun ex Hegelm., reconfirmed as a naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 28: 153–158.
  89. Chen, P.-H., A.-C. Chung, C.-C. Wang and S.-Z. Yang. 2020. Commelina erecta L. (Commelinaceae), a newly naturalized species in Taiwan. Taiwan J of Biodivers. 22: 151–158.
  90. Chen, S.-H. 2008. Naturalized Plants of Eastern Taiwan. National Hualien University of Education, Hualien, 400.pp.
  91. Chong, M.-J. and T.-H. Hsieh. 2016. Salvia lyrata L. - a newly naturalized lyreleaf sage in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 18: 131–136.
  92. Chou, F.-S., C.-K. Liao, Y.-H. Wang and C.-C. Lin. 2015. A Field Guide to Naturalized Plants in the Northern Taiwan. Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taipei, 301.pp.
  93. Chou, H.-C. and T.-H. Hsieh. 2015. Salvia occidentalis Sw. -A newly naturalized West Indian sage in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 17: 75–79.
  94. Chung, K.-F., Y. Kono, C.-M. Wang and C.-I. Peng. 2008. Notes on Acmella (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) in Taiwan. Bot. Stud. 49: 73–82.
  95. Chung, K.-F. and K.-T. Shao. 2021. Catalogue of life in Taiwan. http://taibnet.sinica.edu.tw.
  96. Chung, S.-W. and T.-C. Hsu. 2015. Crotalaria goreensis Guill. & Perr. (Leguminosae), a newly naturalized species plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 17: 149–152.
  97. Chung, S.-W. and T.-C. Hsu. 2018. Artemisia filifolia Torr. (Compositae): taxonomic supplement for a new naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 40: 211–215.
  98. Chung, S.-W., T.-C. Hsu and A.-C. Chung. 2017. Merremia quinquefolia (Convolvulaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 19: 123–129.
  99. Chung, S.-W., T.-C. Hsu, A.-C. Chung and P.-H. Chen. 2018b. Two new naturalized plants to the Flora of Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 40: 179–184.
  100. Editorial Committee of the Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan. 2017. The Red List of Vascular Plants of Taiwan, 2017. Endemic Species Research Institute, Taiwan Forestry Bureau, and Taiwan Society of Plant Systematics, Nantou, Taiwan.
  101. Fan, H., P.-H. Chen, C.-F. Chen and S.-Z. Yang. 2018. Bidens frondosa L. (Asteraceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 20: 79–83.
  102. Hsieh, T.-H. 2019. Anthriscus caucalis M. Bieb. - A newly naturalized Apiaceae in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 21: 167–172.
  103. Hsu, K.-M. and C.-M. Wang. 2012. Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax (Dioscoreaceae), A newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Coll. Res. 25: 25–29.
  104. Hsu, T.-C. and S.-W. Chung. 2014. Drymaria villosa Cham. & Schltdl. (Caryophyllaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 36: 239–242.
  105. Hsu, T.-C. and S.-W. Chung. 2016. Piper sarmentosum (Piperaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 38: 1–4.
  106. Hsu, T.-C. and S.-W. Chung. 2017. Carex longii (Cyperaceae), the first naturalized Carex in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 19: 207–213.
  107. Hsu, T.-W., T.-Y. Chiang and C.-C. Huang. 2016. Two newly naturalized species in Taiwan, Rnellia squarrosa (Fenzl) Schaffnit and Micrathemum micrathemoides (Nutt.). Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 18: 123–130.
  108. Hsu, T.-W. and E.-L. Chu. 2019. Oenothera speciosa Nutt. (Onagraceae), a newly naturalized species in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 21: 257–264.
  109. Hsu, T.-W. and T.-C. Ho. 2019. Taxonomic notes on the genus Thunbergia (Acanthaceae) in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 21: 173–188.
  110. Hsu, Y.-H. 1995. Translation of the Literature of Taiwanese Tea Industry in Japanese Colonial Period. Tea Research and Extension Station, Taipei, 521.pp.
  111. Huang, T.-C. and Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. 1998. Flora of Taiwan, vol 4, 2nd edn. Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 1218.pp.
  112. Jung, M.-J. 2014. Amorpha L. (Leguminosae), a newly recorded naturalized genus in Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 29: 285–290.
  113. Jung, M.-J. 2016. Polycarpon tetraphyllum (L.) L. (Caryophyllaceae), a newly naturalized species in northern Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 31: 69–73.
  114. Jung, M.-J. 2019. Newly naturalized Urochloa P. Beauv. spp. (Poaceae) to the Floras of Kinmen and Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 41: 315–324.
  115. Jung, M.-J. 2020. Three newly naturalized Eriochloa Kunth grasses (Poaceae) in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 42: 215–228.
  116. Jung, M.-J. and C.-H. Cheng. 2016. Tragus berteronianus Schultes (Poaceae), a newly naturalized grass in Taiwan. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 31: 331–335.
  117. Jung, M.-J., W.-P. Lu, C.-I. Peng and Y.-H. Tseng. 2018. Pyrrhopappus DC. (Asteraceae), a new-recorded genus and its naturalized species to the Flora of Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 40: 185–190.
  118. Knapp, R. 2011. Ferns and Fern Allies of Taiwan. Yuan-Liou Publishing, Taipei, 1064.pp.
  119. Knapp, R. and T.-C. Hsu. 2017. Ferns and Fern Allies of Taiwan, Second Supplement. KBCC Press, Pingtung, 419.pp.
  120. Lee, C.-T., S.-I. Hsieh, C.-S. Leou, H.-Y. Lin and C.-L. Yeh. 2014. A newly naturalized species in Taiwan: Hibiscus asper Hook. f. (Malvaceae). Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 16: 273–281.
  121. Liao, G.-I., T.-Y. Chiang, Y.-C. Chiang and T.-W. Hsu. 2013. The Genus Sagina (Caryophyllaceae) from Mt. Hehuan of Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 15: 69–76.
  122. Lin, C.-C. 2009. A Field Guide to Aquatic & Wetland Plants of Taiwan, vol. 1. Commonwealth Publishing, Taipei, 320.pp.
  123. Lin, C.-J. and C.-F. Chen. 2013. Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. (Rubiaceae), a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 15: 155–161.
  124. Lin, C.-Y. and C.-H. Chen. 2014. Confirmation of a naturalized grass (Poaceae) in Taiwan, Pennisetum setaceum (Forssk.) Chiov. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 16: 393–398.
  125. Lin, C.-Y. and C.-H. Chen. 2015. Bothriochloa macera (Steud.) S.T. Blake, a newly naturalized grass (Poaceae) in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 17: 301–305.
  126. Lin, C.-Y., S.-Z. Yang and C.-H. Chen. 2013. Polytrias indica (Houtt.) Veldkamp, a newly naturalized grass in Taiwan. Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 15: 77–81.
  127. Matsumura, J. and B. Hayata. 1906. Enumeratio Plantarum Formosanarum. J Coll Sci Imp Univ Tokyo 22: 24.
  128. Miyawaki, S. and I. Washitani. 2004. Invasive alien plant species in riparian areas of Japan: The contribution of agricultural weeds, revegetation species and aquacultural species Glob. Environ. Res. 8: 89–101.
  129. Randall, R. P. 2017. A Global Compendium of Weeds, 3rd edn., Perth, Western Australia, 3654.pp.
  130. Tseng, Y.-H., H.-S. Shu, C.-Y. Liou and S.-H. Lin. 2013. Alnus nepalensis D. Don (Betulaceae), a newly naturalized tree in Taiwan. Q. J. For. Res. 35: 87–92.
  131. Wang, C.-M. and K.-C. Chang. 2014. Two newly naturalized plants of the Boraginaceae in Taiwan: Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. and Trichodesma zeylanicum (Burm.f.) R. Br. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 29: 149–156.
  132. Wang, C.-M., K.-C. Chang and C.-H. Chen. 2016. Two newly naturalized plant species in Taiwan: Fumaria parviflora Lam. and Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Taiwan J. For. Sci. 31: 135–141.
  133. Wang, W.-Y. and C.-T. Lu. 2019. A newly naturalized plant to Taiwan: Plantago heterophylla Nutt. (Plantaginaceae). Taiwan J. of Biodivers. 21: 1–6.
  134. Wu, S.-H., S.-M. Chaw and M. Rejmáne. 2003. Naturalized Fabaceae (Leguminosae) species in Taiwan: the first approximation. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 44(1): 59–66.
  135. Yang, Y.-P. and S.-H. Yen. 1997. Notes on Limnophila (Scrophulariaceae) of Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 38: 285–295.
  136. Yang, Y.-P., S.-H. Yen and C.-K. Lin. 2001. Illustrated Guide to Aquatic Plants of Taiwan. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan of Taiwan, R.O.C., 378.pp.
print cancel