譯文　從經濟全球化和當地制度來看北京外國「門禁社區」的增長

The Rise of "Foreign Gated Communities" in Beijing between Economic Globalization and Local Institutions

10.6161/jgs.2010.58.07

吳縛龍(Fu-Long Wu)；韋伯(Klaive Webber)；王曉曉(Xiao-Xiao Wang)；馬強強(Qiang-Qiang Ma)

外國人的住宅市場 ； 全球化 ； 北京 ； foreign residential market ； globalization ； Beijing

地理學報

58期（2010 / 04 / 01）

133 - 147

繁體中文

北京的外國「門禁社區」是在經濟全球化和當地制度變遷的交織壓力下產生的。自中國改革開放以來，作爲首都的北京，來自外國的投資和跨國公司的分支機構蜂擁而至。結果導致了來華外國定居者的住宅需求急劇增加。然而，住宅供給體系並沒有滿足增長的需求，同時這些外國人住宅的建設也通過在商品房市場中新建立的部分被實現。外國人的住宅被修建成「門禁社區」不只是因爲它們有更多的安全上的要求和社會位階上的差異。外國「門禁社區」的形成追溯到房屋建造和消費上的不尋常之處。空間上，外國人的住宅集中在北京的東北部地區，沿著高速公路一直通到機場。如此不均衡的分佈狀態加劇了北京城區融入全球化狀況的差異，進一步產生社會空間上的差異。

Foreign gated communities in Beijing are produced by the intertwined forces of economic globalization and local institutional changes. Since China's economy was opened up to the world, Beijing, as the capital, has seen tremendous growth of foreign direct investment and the establishment of the branches of multinational companies. As a result, there has been increasing demand for expatriate housing. However, such demand could not be accommodated by the housing provision system and the production of foreign housing has been materialized through the newly established sector of commodity housing. Foreign housing is built into gated communities, which is attributed to more than security requirements and status differentiation; the formation of foreign gated communities should be traced back to the unusual way in which housing is produced and consumed. Spatially, foreign housing projects are clustered in the northeastern area of Beijing, along the highway leading to the airport. Such an uneven distribution has exacerbated the differential global orientation of the urban areas and laid down the basis for further social-spatial differentiation.

1. DTZ (Debenham Tie Leung) Research (2001, 2002) Property Times: Beijing Foreign-sale Residential Market (Various quarterly issues from 2001 to 2002). Beijing, DTZ.
2. Beijing Statistical Bureau (BSB) (2002) Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2002, China Statistical Publisher, Beijing
3. Balchin, P.(2000).Urban Economics: A Global Perspective.London:Palgrave.
4. Blakely, E. J.,Snyder, M. G.(1997).Fortress America: Gated Communities in the United States.Washington DC:Brookings Institution Press.
5. Chestexton, P.(2001).,Beijing:.
6. Da, J.(2001).Studies on Beijing's foreign housing.China Business Management,6
7. Davis, M.(1992).Fortress Los Angeles: the militarization of urban space.Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space,New York:
8. Dick, H. W.,Rimmer, P. J.(1998).Beyond the Third World City: the new urban geography of South-east Asia.Urban Studies,35(12),2303-2321.
9. Fainstein, S. S.(ed.),Gordon, I.(ed.),Larloe, M.(ed.)(1992).Divided Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World.Oxford:Blackwell.
10. Fainstein, S. S.,Gordon, I.,Harloe, M.(1992).Divided Cities: New York and London in the Contemporary World.Oxford:Blackwell.
11. Gaubatz, P.(1999).China's urban transformation: patterns and processes of morphological change in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.Urban Studies,36(9),1495-1521.
12. Gu, C. L.,Zhang, Q.,Cai, J. M.,Niu, Y. F.,Sun, Y.(1999).Economic Globalization and the Development of Chinese Cities.Beijing:Commercial Publishers.
13. Hu, X. H.,Kaplan, D.(2001).The emergence of affluence in Beijing: residential social stratification in China's capital city.Urban Geography,22(2),54-77.
14. Jiang, D. C.,Chen, J. A.,Isaac, D.(1998).The effect of foreign investment on the real estate industry in China.Urban Studies,35(4),2101-2110.
15. Keivani, R.,Parsa, A.,McGreal, S.(2001).Globalisation, institutional structures and real estate markets in Central European Cities.Urban Studies,38(13),2457-2476.
16. Kirby, A.(2001).What in the world?.Political Geography,20(2),727-744.
17. LaSalle, Jones Lang(2002).Great China Property Index.Research Department, Jones Lang LaSalle, Beijing Office.
18. Leisch, H.(2002).Gated communities in Indonesia.Cities,19(4),341-350.
19. Li, S. M.(2000).Housing consumption in urban China: a comparative study of Beijing and Guangzhou.Environment and Planning A,32(6),1115-1134.
20. Logan, J.(1993).Cycles and trends in the globalization of real estate.The Restless Urban Landscape,Englewood Cliffs:
21. Logan, J. L.(ed.)(2002).The New Chinese City: Globalization and Market Reform.Oxford:Blackwell.
22. Logan, J. R.(ed.)(2002).The New Chinese City: Globalization and Market Reform.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
23. Logan, J. R.,Bian, Y. J.,Bian, F. Q.(1999).Housing inequality in urban China in the 1990s.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,23(1),7-25.
24. Marcuse, P.,Van Kempen, R.(2000).Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?.Oxford:Blackwell.
25. Sassen, S.(1994).Cities in a World Economy.Thousand Oaks:Fine Forge Press.
26. Sit, V.(1995).Beijing: The Nature and Planning of a Chinese Capital City.New York:Wiley.
27. Wang, Y. P.,Murie, A.(1999).Commercial housing development in urban China.Urban Studies,36(9),1475-1494.
28. Webster, C.(2002).Property rights and the public realm: gates, green belts, and Gemeinschaft.Environment and Planning B,29(5),397-412.
29. Wu, F.(2002).China's changing urban governance in the transition towards a more market-oriented economy.Urban Studies,39(7),1071-1093.
30. Wu, F.(1996).Changes in the structure of public housing provision in urban China.Urban Studies,33(9),1601-1627.
31. Wu, W. P.(2002).Migrant housing in urban China: choices and constraints.Urban Affairs Review,38(1),90-119.
32. Yeh, A. G. O.,Wu, F.(1996).The new land development process and urban development in Chinese cities.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,20(5),330-353.
33. Zhou, Y.,Ma, L. J. C.(2000).Economic restructuring and suburbanization in China.Urban Geography,21(3),205-236.