在地視角下的文化地景保存：以菲律賓伊富高梯田為例

Cultural Landscape Conservation from the Local Perspectives: A Case Study on the Rice Terrace Conservation in Ifugao, Philippines

10.6161/jgs.202004_(95).0003

官大偉(Da-Wei Kuan)

伊富高 ； 地景保存 ； 世界遺產 ； 認同政治 ； 遺產經濟 ； Ifugao ； Rice Terraces ； landscape ； landscape conservation ； World Heritage

地理學報

95期（2020 / 04 / 01）

61 - 93

繁體中文

登錄世界遺產，在1990年代成為國際間一種文化地景保存的策略，為了解從保護全人類共同資產的廣泛宣稱，進入到在地尺度的實際運作，並探討地景保存與經濟發展、認同政治之關係，本文以聯合國教科文組織登錄為世界遺產的菲律賓伊富高梯田為例，運用二手資料收集、民族誌田野調查等方法，進行以下工作：1）追溯登錄世界遺產之前，伊富高梯田與其社會文化的關係，以及國家啟動觀光之發展政策所帶來的影響；2）檢視登錄世界遺產之後，在地非政府組織與地方政府、國際資源間的互動，以及如何以「拯救梯田」的機會，形成符合在地發展期待的作法；3）分析這個過程中，遺產經濟和認同政治的關係，以及在地透過地景保存行動再建構其社會關係的意義。最後，本文指出，地景不僅是人類活動歷史的靜態軌跡，地景保存更是當下不同價值、意識型態與發展想像之間對抗／協商的動態過程，對地景保存的思考，應注重社會和地景管理的關係，而非僅是地景表面形象的維護。

The registration of World Heritage has become a strategy for cultural landscape conservation in international society since the 1990s. This study explores how claims of protecting the common heritage belonging to all human beings is localized and practiced, taking Ifugao rice terraces (which was registered as World Heritage in 1995) in Philippines as an example. The research has the following components: 1) reviewing the social cultural meanings of the rice terraces before the registration, and tracing the influences of national tourism policy since the 1970s; 2) examining the interactions between local NGOs, government and international sponsors, to reveal how the local community has transformed international resources into the opportunity of local development; 3) analyzing the relations between heritage economy and identity politics, to reveal that landscape conservation is a reconstruction of social relations. This research concludes that landscape conservation is a dynamic process reflecting the negotiation between different values and images of development. Conserve the culture of landscape is more important than simply conserving the physiography landscape of culture. The methods adopted in this study include second-hand information collection and ethnographic fieldwork.

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