臺灣南島語論元省略：人稱代名詞詞彙結構與言談主題

Argument-Drop in Formosan Languages: Pronominal Morphology and Discourse Topic

10.6503/THJCS.2016.46(3).05

魏廷冀(Ting-Chi Wei)

論元省略 ； 人稱代名詞 ； 言談主題 ； 認可 ； argument drop ； personal pronoun ； discourse topic ； licensing

清華學報

46卷3期（2016 / 09 / 01）

561 - 625

繁體中文

本文分析六種臺灣南島語的人稱代名詞詞彙結構，檢驗Neeleman & Szendröi (2007)所主張「激進論元省略 (radical pro drop)」分析之合理性。結果顯示所檢測之阿美語、排灣語、卑南語、布農語以及兩種泰雅語之論元省略，與Neeleman & Szendröi的預測互相矛盾；我們主張利用Huang (1984a, 1984b, 1987, 1989) 以及Sato (2011) 之主題式語言類型分析，來詮釋各種空論元屬性及其與主題之關係；據此我們提議，臺灣南島語的論元省略，需要通過言談主題之認可。

This paper argues that Neeleman & Szendröi’s (2007) radical pro drop analysis in terms of pronominal morphology cannot completely capture the phenomenon of argument drop in six Formosan tongues, Amis, Paiwan, Puyuma, Bunun, and two Atayal dialects. We propose that the topic-oriented analyses of Huang (1984a, 1984b, 1987, 1989) and Sato (2011), which take discourse topic as a major licenser of argument drop, should be adopted to account for the missing arguments in these languages.

1. 林進星，〈初鹿卑南語語法系統〉，手稿，高雄：國立高雄師範大學，2013。
2. Palmer, Bill. “Information Structure and the Pragmatic Function of Clause Order Variation in Cheke Holo (Oceanic),” Ms., Sheffield: University of Sheffield, 2003..
3. Taraldsen, K. Tarald. “On the NIC, Vacuous Application and the That-Trace Filter,” Ms., Cambridge: MIT, 1978..
4. Ting Pang-hsin. “A Study of Saaroa Syntax,” Ms., Taipei: National Taiwan University, 1975..
5. Abney, Steven(1987).Cambridge,MIT.
6. Ackema, Peter(ed.),Brandt, Patrick(ed.),Schoorlemmer, Maaike(ed.),Weerman, Fred(ed.)(2006).Arguments and Agreement.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
7. Bao, Zhiming(2001).The Origins of Empty Categories in Singapore English.Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages,16(2),275-319.
8. Belletti, A.(ed.)(2004).Structures and Beyond.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
9. Bittner, Maria,Hale, Ken(1996).The Structural Determination of Case and Agreement.Linguistic Inquiry,27(1),1-68.
10. Blust, Robert A.(1999).Subgrouping, Circularity and Extinction: Some Issues in Austronesian Comparative Linguistics.Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics,Taipei:
11. Blust, Robert A.(1977).The Proto-Austronesian Pronouns and Austronesian Subgrouping: A Preliminary Report.University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics,9(2),1-15.
12. Bouchard, Denis(1984).On the Content of Empty Categories.Dordrecht:Foris.
13. Campbell, Russell N.(1969).Noun Substitutes in Modern Thai: A Study in Pronominality.The Hague:Mouton.
14. Cardinaletti, Anna(1994).On the Internal Structure of Pronominal DPs.The Linguistic Review,11(3-4),191-219.
15. Chang Yung-li,Tang, Chih-chen Jane,Ho, Dah-an(1998).A Study of Noun-class Markers in Kavalan.Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies,28(3),275-298.
16. Chang Yung-li,Tsai, Wei-tien Dylan(2001).Actor-sensitivity and Obligatory Control in Kavalan and Some Other Formosan Languages.Language and Linguistics,2(1),1-20.
17. Chang, Yung-li(1999).Seediq Bound Pronouns: Pronominal Clitics or Agreement Affixes.Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics,Taipei:
18. Chomsky, Noam(1981).Lectures on Government and Binding.Dordrecht:Foris.
19. Chomsky, Noam(1995).The Minimalist Program.Cambridge, Mass.:The MIT Press.
20. Chomsky, Noam(1982).Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and Binding.Cambridge, Mass.:The MIT Press.
21. Déchaine, Rose-Marie,Wiltschko, Martina(2002).Decomposing Pronouns.Linguistic Inquiry,33(3),409-442.
22. Dubinsky, Stanley,Hamilton, Robert(1998).Epithets as Antilogophoric Pronouns.Linguistic Inquiry,29(4),685-693.
23. Ferrell, Raleigh(1969).Taiwan Aboriginal Groups: Problems in Cultural and Linguistic Classification.Taipei:Academia Sinica.
24. Freidin, R.(ed.)(1991).Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar.Cambridge:The MIT Press.
25. Halle, Morris,Marantz, Alec(1993).Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inflection.The View from Building 20,Cambridge, Mass.:
26. Holmberg, Anders(2005).Is There a Little Pro? Evidence from Finnish.Linguistic Inquiry,36(4),533-564.
27. Huang, C.-T. James(1987).Remarks on Empty Categories in Chinese.Linguistic Inquiry,18,321-337.
28. Huang, C.-T. James(1984).On the Typology of Zero Anaphora.Language Research,20,85-106.
29. Huang, C.-T. James(1984).On the Distribution and Reference of Empty Pronouns.Linguistic Inquiry,15,531-574.
30. Huang, Lillian(1995).The Case Markers and Pronominal System in Amis.The National Chengchi University Journal,70A,217-258.
31. Huang, Lillian(1993).A Study of Atayal Syntax.Taipei:The Crane Publishing.
32. Huang, Lillian(1989).The Pronominal System in Atayal.Studies in English Literature and Linguistics,17,37-50.
33. Huang, Lillian(1995).National Science Council ReportNational Science Council Report,National Science Council.
34. Huang, Lillian(1995).A Study of Mayrinax Syntax.Taipei:The Crane Publishing.
35. Huang, Lillian,Yeh, Marie M.,Zeitoun, Elizabeth,Chang, Anna H.,Wu, Joy J.(1999).A Typological Overview of Nominal Case Marking Systems in Some Formosan Languages.Selected Papers from the Second International Symposium Languages in Taiwan,Taipei:
36. Jackendoff, Ray(1997).The Architecture of the Language Faculty.Cambridge, Mass.:The MIT Press.
37. Jaeggli, Osvaldo(1982).Topics in Romance Syntax.Dordrecht:Foris.
38. Jaeggli, Osvaldo(ed.),Safir, Ken(ed.)(1989).The Null Subject Parameter.Dordrecht:Kluwer.
39. Jeng, Heng-hsiung(1977).Topic and Focus in Bunun.Taipei:Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
40. Kiparsky, Paul(1973).'Elsewhere' in Phonology.A Festschrift for Morris Halle,New York:
41. Kuang, Mei(1982).Pronouns and Verb Inflection in Kanakanavu.Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies,14,207-232.
42. Kuroshio Bunka no Kaied.(1980)。Kuroshio no minzoku, bunka, gengo。Tokyo:Kadokawa Shoten。
43. Lee, Alan(1997).Arbitrary Null Subject in Malay.ALFA IV,Los Angeles:
44. Li, Charles N.,Thompson, Sandra A.(1976).Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language.Subject and Topic,New York:
45. Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1973).Rukai Structure.Taipei:Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.
46. Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1978).The Case-marking Systems of the Four Less Known Formosan Languages.Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Fascicle 1 Pacific Linguistics (C-61),Canberra:
47. Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1985).The Position of Atayal in the Austronesian Family.Austronesian Linguistics at the 15th Pacific Science Congress, Pacific Linguistics (C-88),Canberra:
48. Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1997).A Syntactic Typology of Formosan Languages: Case Markers on Nouns and Pronouns.Chinese Languages and Linguistics: Typological Studies of Languages in China,Taipei:
49. Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1995).The Case-marking System in Mayrinax, Atayal.Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philosophy,66(1),23-52.
50. Li, Paul Jen-kuei(1996).The Pronominal Systems in Rukai.Reconstruction, Classification, Description, Festschrift in Honor of Professor Isidore Dyen,Hamburg:
51. Li, Yen-hui Audrey(2014).Born Empty.Lingua,151,43-68.
52. Liu, Chen-sheng Luther(2004).Antilogophoricity, Epithets and the Empty Antilogophor in Chinese.Journal of East Asian Linguistics,13(3),257-287.
53. Liu, En-hsin(2003).Hsinchu,National Tsing Hua University.
54. Liu, T.-H. Dorinda(1999).Taipei,National Taiwan University.
55. Medeiros, David J.(2008).Radical Pro Drop: Evidence from Hawaiian.Michigan Linguistics Society 38th Annual Meeting,Detroit, Michigan:
56. Nakamura, Masaru(1991).Japanese as a pro Language.The Linguistic Review,6(4),281-296.
57. Neeleman, Ad,Szendröi, Kriszta(2007).Radical Pro Drop and the Morphology of Pronouns.Linguistic Inquiry,38(4),671-714.
58. Neeleman, Ad,Weerman, Fred(1999).Flexible Syntax: A Theory of Case and Arguments.Dordrecht:Kluwer.
59. Nguyen, Dang Liem(ed.)(1979).Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies vol.3, Pacific Linguistics (C-45).Canberra:Pacific Linguistics.
60. Noguchi, Tohru(1997).Two Types of Pronouns and Variable Binding.Language,73(4),770-797.
61. O'Grady, William(1997).Syntactic Development.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
62. Randriamasimanana, Charles(1998).Evidence for Null Subjects in Malagasy.Papers from the Fifth Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1995 Meeting, Program for Southeast Asia Studies Monograph Series,Tucson, A.Z.:
63. Reibel, David(ed.),Schane, Sanford(ed.)(1966).Modern Studies in English.Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:Prentice-Hall.
64. Ritter, Elizabeth(1995).On the Syntactic Category of Pronouns and Agreement.Natural Language & Linguistic Theory,13(3),405-443.
65. Rizzi, Luigi(1986).Null Objects in Italian and the Theory of Pro.Linguistic Inquiry,17,501-557.
66. Rizzi, Luigi(1982).Issues in Italian Syntax.Dordrecht:Foris.
67. Rood, David(1976).Wichita Grammar.New York:Garland.
68. Ross, Malcolm(2006).Reconstructing the Case-marking and Personal Pronoun Systems of Proto Austronesian.Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-kuei Li on His 70th Birthday (Language and Linguistics Mongraph Series W5),Taipei:
69. Ross, Malcolm(2012).In Defense of Nuclear Austronesian (and Against Tsouic).Language and Linguistics,13(6),1253-1300.
70. Saito, Mamoru(1985).Cambridge,MIT.
71. Sato, Yosuke(2011).Radical Pro Drop and Fusional Pronominal Morphology in Colloquial Singapore English: Reply to Neeleman and Szendröi.Linguistic Inquiry,42(2),356-365.
72. Schwabe, Kerstin(ed.),Winkler, Suzanne(ed.)(2003).The Interfaces: Deriving and Interpreting Omitted Structures.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
73. Sells, Peter(1987).Aspect of Logophoricity.Linguistic Inquiry,18(3),445-479.
74. Shi, Dingxu(2000).Topic and Topic-comment Constructions in Mandarin Chinese.Language,76(2),383-408.
75. Shi, Dingxu(1994).The Nature of Chinese Emphatic Sentences.Journal of East Asian Linguistics,3(1),81-100.
76. Smith, Geoff P.,Matthews, Stephen(2005).Chinese Pidgin English: Texts and Contexts.Hong Kong Journal of Applied Linguistics,10(1),79-167.
77. Speas, Margaret(1994).Null Arguments in a Theory of Economy of Projection.University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers in Linguistics,Amherst:
78. Sproat, Richard(1985).Cambridge,MIT.
79. Tan, Cindy Roian(1997).Taipei,National Taiwan Normal University.
80. Tan, Ludwig A.-K.(2009).Topic and Null Arguments in Singapore Colloquial English.Englishes and Literatures-in-English in a Globalized World: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on English in Southeast Asia,Singapore:
81. Tan, Ludwig A.-K.(2007).Cambridge,University of Cambridge.
82. Tang, Chih-chen Jane(2007).Modifier Licensing and Chinese DP: A Feature Analysis.Language and Linguistics,8(4),967-1024.
83. Tang, Chih-chen Jane(2008).Functional Extension vs. Grammaticalization: A Typological Study of Modification Markers in Formosan Nominals.Language and Linguistics,9(4),917-966.
84. Tang, Chih-chen Jane(2006).Case Marking, Reference and DP Structure: A Comparative Study of Paiwan, Atayal and Chamorro.Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-kuei Li on His 70th Birthday (Language and Linguistics Mongraph Series W5),Taipei:
85. Tang, Chih-chen Jane(2006).Demonstratives and DP Structure in Formosan Languages.Language and Linguistics,7(4),935-990.
86. Tang, Chin-chen Jane,Chang, Yung-li,Ho, Dah-an(1998).On Noun Phrase Structures in Paiwan.Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies,28(3),335-384.
87. Teng, Stacy Fangching(2007).Australian,Australian National University.
88. Tsao, Fengfu(1977).Los Angeles,University of Southern California.
89. Tsuchida, Shigeru(1976).Reconstruction of Proto-Tsouic Phonology, Studies of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series 5.Tokyo:Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
90. Vangsnes, Øystein Alexander(2001).On Noun Phrase Architecture, Referentiality, and Article Systems.Studia Linguistica,55(3),249-299.
91. Weerman, Fred,Evers-Vermeul, Jacqueline(2002).Pronouns and Case.Lingua,112,301-338.
92. Wu, Joy Jing-lan(2006).New York,State University of New York.
93. Xu, Liejiong(1986).Free Empty Category.Linguistic Inquiry,17(1),75-93.
94. Xu, Liejiong,Langendoen, D. Terence(1985).Topic Structures in Chinese.Language,61(1),1-27.
95. Zeitoun, Elizabeth(1993).A Semantic Study of Tsou Case Markers.Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philosophy,64(4),969-989.
96. Zeitoun, Elizabeth(1997).The Pronominal System of Mantauran (Rukai).Oceanic Linguistics,36(2),114-148.
97. Zeitoun, Elizabeth(1992).Hsinchu,National Tsing Hua University.
98. Zeitoun, Elizabeth(2009).Reassessing the Reconstruction of Plural Affixes in PAn: Evidence from the Formosan languages.Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Bob Blust, Pacific Linguistics (601),Canberra:
99. Zeitoun, Elizabeth(1995).A Comparative Study of the Pronominal Systems of the Rukai Dialects: Synchronic and Diachronic Considerations.Seminar of the Institute of History and Philology,Taipei:
100. Zeitoun, Elizabeth,Lin, Huijuan(2003).We Should Not Forget the Stories of the Mantauran: Memories of Our Past (Language and Linguistics Monograph Series No. A4).Taipei:Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.
101. 吳靜蘭(2000)。阿美語參考語法。臺北:遠流出版。
102. 李壬癸(1995)。臺灣南島民族母語研究論文集，臺北:
103. 李壬癸(1996)。宜蘭縣南島民族與語言。宜蘭:宜蘭縣政府。
104. 李壬癸編(1997)。高雄縣南島語言。高雄:高雄縣政府。
105. 林健豪(2008)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。高雄，國立高雄師範大學臺灣歷史文化及語言研究所。
106. 林進星(2015)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。高雄，國立高雄師範大學臺灣歷史文化及語言研究所。
107. 張秀絹(2000)。排灣語參考語法。臺北:遠流出版。
108. 曾思奇(1991)。臺灣阿眉思語語法。北京:中央民族學院。
109. 黃天來(2007)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。高雄，國立高雄師範大學臺灣歷史文化及語言研究所。
110. 黃美金(2000)。卑南語參考語法。臺北:遠流出版。
111. 黃美金(2000)。泰雅語參考語法。臺北:遠流出版。
112. 葉美利(1991)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。新竹，國立清華大學語言學研究所。
113. 齊莉莎(2000)。布農語參考語法。臺北:遠流出版。

1. (2018).Deriving sluicing-like constructions in Isbukun Bunun.語言暨語言學,19(4),635-662.