臺灣華語鼻音及元音鼻化的氣流研究

An Aerodynamic Study of the Nasals and Nasalization in Taiwanese Mandarin

10.6503/THJCS.2016.46(4).01

張月琴(Yueh-Chin Chang)；謝豐帆(Feng-Fan Hsieh)；歐愷云(Kai-Yun Ou)；謝育倫(Yu-Lun Hsieh)

鼻音 ； 鼻化 ； 協同構音 ； 口鼻氣流 ； 臺灣華語 ； nasal ； nasalization ； coarticulation ； oral and nasal airflow ； Taiwanese Mandarin

清華學報

46卷4期（2016 / 12 / 01）

631 - 653

繁體中文

本研究藉由口鼻氣流的數據來探討臺灣華語鼻音及元音鼻化的構音特性。主要的發現為：(1) 順向鼻化程度大於逆向鼻化，(2) 高元音的鼻化程度顯著地大於非高元音，(3)帶音或送氣聲母較能引發元音鼻化，(4) 舌根鼻韻尾 [□] 引發前接元音產生較高比例的鼻氣流量，而舌尖鼻韻尾 [n] 本身的鼻氣流量比反而較大（但都不達顯著標準），(5)就鼻韻尾合流的相關議題而言，實驗結果顯示「被合併」的鼻韻尾（本文記做 [N]）音長短於 [n] 與 [□]，鼻氣流量比則大於 [n] 與 [□]（不達顯著標準），可視為不完全的對立消失 (incomplete neutralization)。最後，本文也就實驗所得發現進行語音類型及音韻理論的相關討論。

This work is an aerodynamic study of the nasals and nasalization in Taiwanese Mandarin. Our principal findings are: (a) the magnitude of carryover nasalization is greater than that of anticipatory nasalization, (b) the degree of nasalization in the high vowels are significantly larger than that in the non-high vowels, (c) voicing and aspiration induce more nasalization in the vowels, (d) the velar nasal coda induces more nasal airflow in the preceding vowels, while the coronal nasal is produced with larger nasal airflow (albeit both insignificant), (e) regarding the contextual place neutralization of the nasal codas [n] and [ŋ], our results show that durationally speaking, the ＂neutralized＂ nasal coda (represented as [N] here) is shorter than [n] and [ŋ] in duration, while [N] is produced with more nasal airflow than [n] and [ŋ] (which is not statistically significant, though), suggesting that [N] is an incompletely neutralized allophonic variation. Finally, the experimental results are discussed in terms of the typology of phonetic implementation.

1. Hsu, Hui-ju,Tse, John Kwock-ping(2007).Syllable-final Nasal Mergers in Taiwan Mandarin: Leveled but Puzzling.Concentric: Studies in Linguistics,33(1),1-18.
   連結：
2. Yang, James H.(2010).Phonetic Evidence for the Nasal Coda Shift in Mandarin.Taiwan Journal of Linguistics,8(1),29-56.
   連結：
3. Basset, Patricia,Amelot, Angélique,Vassière, Jacqueline,Roubeau, Bernard(2001).Nasal Airflow in French Spontaneous Speech.Journal of the International Phonetic Association,31(1),87-99.
4. Berger, Michael A.(2007).Rochester,University of Rochester.
5. Calabrese, Andrea(ed.),Wetzels, W. Léo(ed.)(2009).Loan Phonology.Amsterdam:John Benjamins Publishing Company.
6. Chang, Yueh-chin,Hsieh, Feng-fan,Hsieh, Yu-lun(2011).Phonetic Implementation of Nasality in Taiwanese (and French): Aerodynamic Case Studies.Proceedings of the 17th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences,Hong Kong:
7. Clumeck, Harold(1976).Patterns of Soft Palate Movements in Six Languages.Journal of Phonetics,4(4),337-351.
8. Cohn, Abigail C.(1990).Los Angeles,University of California.
9. Delvaux, Véronique,Demolin, Didier,Harmegnies, Bernard,Soquet, Alain(2008).The Aerodynamics of Nasalization in French.Journal of Phonetics,36(4),578-606.
10. Diakoumakou, Evanthia(2004).Michigan,University of Michigan.
11. Flege, James Emil(1988).Anticipatory and Carry-over Nasal Coarticulation the Speech of Children and Adults.Journal of Speech & Hearing Research,31(4),525-536.
12. Fon, Janice,Hung, Jui-mei,Huang, Yi-hsuan,Hsu, Hui-ju(2011).Dialectal Variations on Syllable-final Nasal Mergers in Taiwan Mandarin.Language and Linguistics,12(2),273-311.
13. Huffman, M. K.(ed.),Krakow, R. A.(ed.)(1993).Phonetics and Phonology vol. 5: Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum.San Diego:Academic Press.
14. Huffman, M. K.(ed.),Krakow, R. A.(ed.)(1993).Phonetics and Phonology vol. 5: Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum.San Diego:Academic Press.
15. Huffman, M. K.(ed.),Krakow, R. A.(ed.)(1993).Phonetics and Phonology vol. 5: Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum.San Diego:Academic Press.
16. Huffman, M. K.(ed.),Krakow, R. A.(ed.)(1993).Phonetics and Phonology vol. 5: Nasals, Nasalization, and the Velum.San Diego:Academic Press.
17. Kubler, Cornelius C.(1985).The Development of Mandarin in Taiwan: A Case Study of Language Contact.Taipei:Student Book.
18. Ladefoged, Peter(1982).A Course in Phonetics.New York:Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
19. Lin, Chienjer Charles(2002).Nasal Endings of Taiwan Mandarin: Production, Perception and Linguistic Change.35th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics,Tempe:
20. Matisoff, James A.(1975).Rhinoglottophilia: The Mysterious Connection between Nasality and Glottality.Nasàlfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization,Stanford:
21. Moll, Kenneth L.,Daniloff, Raymond G.(1971).Investigation of the Timing of Velar Movements During Speech.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,50(2),678-684.
22. Montagu, Julie(2007).Paris,University of Paris III.
23. Ohala, John J.(1975).Phonetic Explanations for Nasal Sound Patterns.Nasàlfest: Papers from a Symposium on Nasals and Nasalization,Stanford:
24. Rochet, Anne Putnam,Rochet, Bernard L.(1991).The Effect of Vowel Height on Patterns of Assimilation Nasality in French and English.Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Phonetics Sciences, vol. 3,Aix-en-Provence:
25. Tse, Kwock-ping(1992).Production and Perception of Syllable Final [n] and [ŋ] in Mandarin Chinese: An Experimental Study.Studies in English Literature and Linguistics,18,143-156.
26. Ushijima, T.,Hirose, H.(1974).Electromyographic Study of the Velum during Speech.Journal of Phonetics,2,135-326.
27. Wrench, Alan A.(1999).An Investigation of Sagittal Velar Movement and Its Correlation with Lip, Tongue, and Jaw Movement.Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences,Berkeley:
28. 時秀娟(2011)。漢語語音的鼻化度分析。當代外語研究，2011(5)，24-28。
29. 歐愷云(2014)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。新竹，國立清華大學語言學研究所。
30. 謝育倫(2011)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。新竹，國立清華大學語言學研究所。

1. (2024)。臺灣華語自由變異的類型和趨勢：基於語音語料庫的研究。清華學報，54(1)，175-217。