「飛軿」與仙真：降真詩之新出玄遊乘具考

"Flying Curtained Carriages" and Perfected-Immortals: Research on the New Celestial Vehicles Found in the Poetry of the Visiting Perfected-Transcendent

10.6503/THJCS.202312_53(4).0002

張夢如(Zhang Mengru)

上清派 ； 《真誥》 ； 降真詩 ； 軿 ； 禮制 ； The School of Highest Clarity ； Declarations of the Perfected ； the poetry of the Visiting Perfected-Transcendent ； curtained carriages ； the rites

清華學報

53卷4期（2023 / 12 / 01）

659 - 684

繁體中文;英文

《真誥》所載托名仙真所作的降真詩中出現了前代遊仙文學未有的新型玄遊乘具──軿車。軿車出現的原因，一是軿車本為貴族女子出行用車，而茅山降經中的主要人物多為女真，上清經的筆錄者將現實禮制的乘具挪用至上清仙真；二是筆錄者繼承了六朝吳越宗教傳統與當時民間傳說中神女來降故事中神女的專屬座駕──軿車。上清派在此基礎上，發展出供上清仙真使用，同時也是接引凡人登真升天的車具──「綠軿」。而「綠軿」的現實原型則是東晉修禮後，冬至日皇太后、皇后前往南郊祭天所使用的車具──「青軿」。至此以後軿車作為新的玄遊乘具進入世俗文本，而「綠軿」則成為道經文獻中的專有乘具。

In the poems written by an individual identified as the Visiting Perfected-Transcendent in the Declarations of the Perfected (Zhengao 真誥), there is a new type of celestial journey vehicle, the curtained carriage, which is not mentioned in earlier literary texts. The reasons for the appearance of the curtained carriage are twofold. First, curtained carriages were originally the vehicles used exclusively by noble women to travel, and most of the main characters in the Mao Shan 茅山 Revelations were goddesses. So, the individuals who created the scriptures referenced the vehicles used by Shangqing 上清 (Highest Clarity) Perfected-Immortals. Second, the authors of the scriptures inherited the Wu 吳 and Yue 越 religious traditions of the Six Dynasties and the folklore of the time, which held that when a goddess came to descend, the vehicle used was a curtained carriage. On this basis, the Shangqing school developed a vehicle for use in celestial journeys, and at the same time, this vehicle, known as the "green curtained carriage," also came to be employed by mortals to ascend to heaven. The prototype of the "green curtained carriage" was the "azure curtained carriage" from the Eastern Jin dynasty, which was the vehicle used by both the empress dowager and the empress to travel to the southern suburbs to worship the sky on the winter solstice. Since then, the "curtained carriage" entered secular texts as a new vehicle for celestial journeys, and the "green curtained carriage" became the exclusive vehicle used in Taoist scriptures.

1. (1988).道藏.北京=Beijing:文物出版社=Wenwu chubanshe.
2. (1988).道藏.北京=Beijing:文物出版社=Wenwu chubanshe.
3. (1988).道藏.北京=Beijing:文物出版社=Wenwu chubanshe.
4. 「漢籍電子文獻資料庫」“Hanji dianzi wenxian ziliaoku”，http://hanchi.ihp.sinica.edu.tw.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/ihp/hanji.htm，2022 年 6 月10 日瀏覽。http://hanchi.ihp.sinica.edu.tw.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/ihp/hanji.htm
5. (1988).道藏.北京=Beijing:文物出版社=Wenwu chubanshe.
6. (1988).道藏.北京=Beijing:文物出版社=Wenwu chubanshe.
7. (1988).道藏.北京=Beijing:文物出版社=Wenwu chubanshe.
8. Bokenkamp, Stephen R.(2020).A Fourth-Century Daoist Family: The Zhen’gao, or Declarations of the Perfected.Berkeley:University of California Press.
9. Chan, Timothy Wai Keung(2012).Considering the End: Mortality in Early Medieval Chinese Poetic Representation.Leiden:Brill.
10. Gan, Bao,DeWoskin, Kenneth J.(trans.),Crump, J. I., Jr.(trans.)(1996).In Search of the Supernatural: The Written Record.Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
11. Kroll, Paul W.(2003).The Divine Songs of the Lady of Purple Tenuity.Studies in Early Medieval Chinese Literature and Cultural History,Provo, UT:
12. Kroll, Paul W.(2010).Daoist Verse and the Quest of the Divine.Early Chinese Religion, Part Two: The Period of Division (220-589 AD),Leiden:
13. Liu, Yiqing,Zhang, Zhenjun(ed. trans.)(2018).Hidden and Visible Realms: Early Medieval Chinese Tales of the Supernatural and the Fantastic.New York:Columbia University Press.
14. Schafer, Edward H.(1973).The Divine Woman: Dragon Ladies and Rain Maidens in T’ang Literature.Berkeley:University of California Press.
15. Schafer, Edward H.(1978).The Jade Woman of Greatest Mystery.History of Religions,17(3-4),387-398.
16. Schipper, Kristofer(ed.),Verellen, Franciscus(ed.)(2003).The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
17. Strickmann, Michel(1977).The Mao Shan Revelations: Taoism and the Aristocracy.T’oung Pao,63(1),1-64.
18. Yu, Pauline(1987).The Reading of Imagery in the Chinese Poetic Tradition.Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
19. 上海古籍出版社（編）=Shanghai guji chubanshe(1999).漢魏六朝筆記小說大觀.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
20. 小南一郎, Ichiro,孫昌武（譯）, Changwu(1993).中國神話傳說與古小說.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
21. 干寶, Bao,李劍國（輯校）, Jianguo(2019).搜神記輯校.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
22. 司馬遷, Qian,裴駰（集解）, Yin,司馬貞（索隱）, Zhen,張守節（正義）, Shoujie(1982).史記.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
23. 田餘慶, Yuqing(1989).東晉門閥政治.北京=Beijing:北京大學出版社=Beijing daxue chubanshe.
24. 皮錫瑞, Xirui,周予同（注釋）, Yutong(1959).經學歷史.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
25. 吉川忠夫（編）, Tadao,麥谷邦夫（編）, Kunio,朱越利（譯）, Yueli(2006).真誥校註.北京=Beijing:中國社會科學出版社=Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
26. 朱駿聲, Junsheng(1984).說文通訓定聲.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
27. 李白, Bai,安旗（箋注）, Qi(2015).李白全集編年箋注.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
28. 李靜, Jing(2009)。上海=Shanghai，復旦大學=Fudan daxue。
29. 李豐楙, Fong-mao(2010).憂與遊：六朝隋唐仙道文學.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
30. 李豐楙, Fong-mao(2010).仙境與遊歷：神仙世界的想像.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
31. 杜佑, You,王文錦（點校）, Wenjin(1988).通典.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
32. 沈約, Yue(1974).宋書.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
33. 阮元（校刻）, Yuan(2009).十三經注疏.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
34. 阮元（校刻）, Yuan(2009).十三經注疏.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
35. 孟郊, Jiao,華忱之（校注）, Chenzhi,喻學才（校注）, Xuecai(1995).孟郊詩集校注.北京=Beijing:人民文學出版社=Renmin wenxue chubanshe.
36. 房玄齡, Xuanling(1974).晉書.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
37. 柯睿, Paul W.,賈晉華（譯）, Jinhua,陳偉強（編）, Timothy Wai Keung(2021).舞馬與馴鳶：柯睿自選集.南京=Nanjing:南京大學出版社=Nanjing daxue chubanshe.
38. 洪興祖, Xingzu,白化文（點校）, Huawen(1983).楚辭補注.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
39. 胡孚琛, Fuchen,呂錫琛, Xichen(2004).道學通論：道家．道教．丹道.北京=Beijing:社會科學文獻出版社=Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe.
40. 范曄, Ye,李賢（注）, Xian(1965).後漢書.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
41. 唐長孺, Changru(1959).魏晉南北朝史論叢續編.北京=Beijing:三聯書店=Sanlian shudian.
42. 班固, Gu 撰,顏師古（注）, Shigu(1962).漢書.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
43. 翁獨健（編）, Dujian(1966).道藏子目引得.臺北=Taipei:成文出版社=Chengwen chubanshe.
44. 釜谷武志(1998)。『真誥』の詩と色彩語──あかい色を中心に。六朝道教の研究，東京=Tokyo:
45. 康德謨(1969)。「景」與「八景」。東洋思想論集：福井博士頌寿記念，東京=Tokyo:
46. 張心澂, Xincheng(1991).偽書通考.上海=Shanghai:上海書店出版社=Shanghai shudian chubanshe.
47. 張說, Yue,熊飛（校注）, Fei(2013).張說集校注.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
48. 敏澤=Minze(1988).形象．意象．情感.石家莊=Shijiazhuang:河北教育出版社=Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe.
49. 許慎, Shen(1978).說文解字.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
50. 郭浩, Hao(2021).中國傳統色：色彩通識 100 講.北京=Beijing:中信出版社=Zhongxin chubanshe.
51. 陳國符, Guofu(1983).道藏源流考.臺北=Taipei:明文書局=Mingwen shuju.
52. 陶弘景, Hongjing,王家葵（校理）, Jiakui(2013).真靈位業圖校理.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
53. 麥谷邦夫編(1991)。真誥索引。京都=Kyoto:京都大學人文科學研究所=Kyōto daigaku jinbun kagaku kenkyūsho。
54. 逯欽立（編）, Qinli(1983).先秦漢魏晉南北朝詩.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
55. 葛兆光, Zhaoguang(2010).中國宗教、學術、思想散論.上海=Shanghai:復旦大學出版社=Fudan daxue chubanshe.
56. 趙益, Yi(2006).六朝南方神仙道教與文學.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
57. 劉向, Xiang,王照圓（補注）, Zhaoyuan,虞思徵（點校）, Sizheng(2012).列女傳補注.上海=Shanghai:華東師範大學出版社=Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe.
58. 劉俊文（編）, Junwen(1996).日本中青年學者論中國史．六朝隋唐卷.上海=Shanghai:上海古籍出版社=Shanghai guji chubanshe.
59. 劉熙, Xi,畢沅（疏證）, Yuan,王先謙（補）, Xianqian(2008).釋名疏證補.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.
60. 劉潔, Jie(2016).《列女傳》的史源學考察──兼論《列女傳》所反映的先秦至秦漢婦女觀念的變遷.北京=Beijing:人民出版社=Renmin chubanshe.
61. 劉曉東, Xiaodong(1998)。論六朝時期的禮學研究及歷史意義。文史哲，1998(5)，86-89。
62. 羅寧, Ning。玄學與才藻：《世說新語》「空洞無物」詳說。嶺南學報
63. 嚴可均（編）, Kejun(1958).全上古三代秦漢三國六朝文.北京=Beijing:中華書局=Zhonghua shuju.