從墓表到墓誌：麴氏高昌至唐西州時期吐魯番的墓塼變化

From Mubiao to Muzhi: Changes in Brick Epitaphs in the Turfan Area from the Qu's Gaochang Kingdom to the Tang Xizhou Period

10.6503/THJCS.202409_54(3).0003

林郡儀(Lin Chun-i)

吐魯番 ； 麴氏高昌 ； 西州時期 ； 墓表 ； 墓誌 ； Turfan ； Qu's Gaochang 麴氏高昌 ； Xizhou 西州 period ； mubiao 墓表 (tomb announcements) ； muzhi 墓誌 (tomb epitaphs)

清華學報

54卷3期（2024 / 09 / 01）

483 - 532

繁體中文;英文

吐魯番墓塼歷經數波變化，最引人注目的是七世紀中「墓誌」取代「墓表」成為吐魯番地區的主流，這項變化被視為西元640年唐滅麴氏高昌後吐魯番與中原地區新一波密切交流的結果。相對於結果，本文重視過程，並由區域互動的角度探索其背後的媒介與動力。首先將墓誌與墓表依內容要素和格式分類，之後檢視內文結構和自名之間的連結，以及各類型之間的關係與消長。結果顯示，吐魯番墓塼對中原元素的新一波吸取從630年代便見端倪，在650到660年代變化最快，之後漸趨穩定。墓塼內容顯示650年代被遷至兩京地區後遷回的高昌群體為此波交流的重要媒介與新流行的領航者，但塼的形制和在墓中的擺放位置則延續高昌時期的在地傳統，展現高昌人在交流中的主動選擇。

In the mid-7th century, in the Turfan region, the main type of funerary inscription changed from mubiao 墓表 (tomb announcements) to muzhi 墓誌 (tomb epitaphs). This change is attributed to the influence of Central Plains' culture, which scholars have suggested was transmitted after the Tang Empire conquered the Qu's Gaochang 麴氏高昌kingdom and established the prefecture of Xizhou 西州 in the Turfan area. This article explores the reasons for this change from the perspective of regional interaction with a focus on the agency of the Turfan people in the process of cultural exchange. The article starts by defining the structure of mubiao and muzhi and proposes a new classification framework to sort the inscriptions according to how they were structured. After this sorting, it investigates the connections between each type of inscription and the time periods in which they were used. It then considers how each type of inscription refers to itself. I suggest that muzhi need to be understood by investigating the changes in the numbers of each type as well as the format and content of brick epitaphs in the mid-7th century. Many of the Gaochang elite were relocated to the two capitals after the fall of the Gaochang Kingdom; they were later moved back to Turfan, and it has been suggested that elements of Central Plains' epitaphs were introduced by them. However, the forms of the bricks and the locations of the brick epitaphs in tombs show a continuation of the traditions of the Gaochang kingdom. This continuation reveals that the Gaochang elite actively chose certain elements in the process of cultural exchange.