What is Said by Metaphor

隱喻所言

古秀鈴(Hsiu-Lin Ku)

所言 ； 隱喻 ； 脈絡主義 ； 坎普 ； 寬鬆使用 ； what is said ； metaphor ； contextualism ； Elizabeth Camp ； loose use

東吳哲學學報

30期（2014 / 08 / 01）

35 - 53

英文

長久以來語言哲學家或語言學家咸認為隱喻是語用學的範疇，而非語意學的範疇，隱喻所言頂多是說話者所意圖的內容，像是言外之意，但絕不會是隱喻語句要表達的內容。而脈絡主義則提出三個理言說明隱喻內容可為語句要表達的內容；隱喻是種寬鬆的語言使用、隱喻有宣稱性、隱喻是第一層權勢主要的理解內容。坎普（2006, 2008）對此三個理由提出反駁，本文主要工作即在論證其反駁是不成功的。

'What is said' by an utterance, from a traditional truth-conditional view of language, is the uttered sentence's conventionally encoded semantic meaning, and is distinguished from 'what is implicated', such as metaphor, which is understood as a type of speech in which a speaker says one thing but means another. Contextualists challenge this view of metaphor by offering three reasons to maintain that metaphor is classified within 'what is said': first, metaphor involves loose use; second, metaphor is assertoric; and, third, metaphor is at the level of the primary interpretation rather than the secondary one. However, Elizabeth Camp argues against these reasons. The aim of this paper is to examine her arguments and show that they are unsuccessful.

1. Austin, J. L.,Urmson, J. O.(Ed.),Sbisa, M.(Ed.)(1975).How to Do Things with Words.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
2. Borg, E.(2004).Formal Semantics and Intentional States.Analysis,64,215-223.
3. Camp, E.(2008).Showing, Telling, and Seeing: Metaphor and 'Poetic' Language.The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic, and Communication,3,1-24.
4. Camp, E.(2006).Contextualism, Metaphor, and What is Said.Mind & Language,21(3),280-309.
5. Carston, R.(2002).Thoughts and Utterances: The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication.Oxford:Blackwell.
6. Elugardo, R.(Ed.),Stainton, R. J.(Ed.)(2006).Ellipsis and Nonsentential Speech.The Netherlands:Springer.
7. French, P. A.(Ed.),Wettstein, H. K.(Ed.)(2001).Figurative Language.Oxford:Blackwell Publishers.
8. Guttenplan, S.(2005).Objects of Metaphor.Oxford:Clarendon Press.
9. Recanati, F.(2004).Literal Meaning.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
10. Sawyer, S.(Ed.)(2010).New Waves in Philosophy of Language.Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan.

1. Ku, Hsiu-Lin(2014).The Semantic Theory and the Availability Principle.國立臺灣大學哲學論評,48,123-158.