記憶策略訓練對工作記憶容量的影響

The Effect of Mnemonic Training upon the Working Memory Capacity

10.6251/BEP.20050813

陳湘淳(Yuh-Shiow Lee)；李玉琇(Hsiang-Chun Chen)

工作記憶 ； 記憶術 ； 記憶策略訓練 ； 視覺心像 ； Working Memory ； Mnemonics ； Mnemonic Training ； Visual Imagery

教育心理學報

37卷1期（2005 / 09 / 01）

41 - 59

繁體中文

本研究探討記憶術的訓練能否使個體的工作記憶容量產生改變。研究中以兩種圖像記憶術的訓練（位置記憶法、身體拴釘法），比較實驗組及控制組（各20位大一學生）在六種工作記憶作業上的表現。所有受試者先進行工作記憶測驗，一個星期之後，分別進行兩小時的團體訓練課程，實驗組接受圖像記憶術的訓練，而控制組接受與記憶術無關的思考法訓練。經過一個星期之後，兩組受試者分別接受第二次的工作記憶測量。結果發現，圖像記憶術的訓練，能使受試者在閱讀廣度、簡單視覺空間廣度及空間廣度等三方面的工作記憶容量增加。此結果顯示，工作記憶可以藉由訓練而改變；圖像記憶術使用視覺心像作為策略，使儲存更有效率，進而增加整個工作記憶的容量。

This study examined whether mnemonic training had an effect on working memory capacity. Two types of visual imagery mnemonic training, including Method of Loci and Body Hook, were adopted. The experimental group who received the mnemonic training was compared with the control group on six working memory tasks. Forty freshmen participated in this study. They were equally divided into the experiment and control groups. At first, all participants took the six working memory tasks, including Forward digits span, Backward digits span, Operation span, Reading span, Simple visuo-spatial span, and Spatial span tasks. A week later, both the experimental and control groups took a two-hour training course. The experimental group received training on imagery mnemonics, while the control group received the thinking method training unrelated to mnemonics. A week after the training, all participants took the six working memory capacity tasks again. The result showed that the imagery mnemonic training increased the working memory capacity of reading span, simple visuo-spatial span and spatial span. These results indicated that working memory capacity enhanced by training. Imagery mnemonics made the storage of information more effective by using visual imagery and further increased the capacity of visual working memory.

1. Baddeley, A. D.(1988).Human Memory: Theory and Practice.Boston, Mass:Allyn and Bacon.
2. Baddeley, A. D.(1988).Cognitive and Neuropsychological Approaches to Mental Imagery.Dordrecht:Martinis Nijhoff.
3. Baddeley, A. D.(1992).Is working memory working? The fifteenth Bartlett lecture.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,44A,1-31.
4. Baddeley, A. D.(2000).The episodic buffer: A new component for working memory.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,4,417-423.
5. Baddeley, A. D.(1999).Essentials of human memory.UK:Psychology Press Ltd, a member of the Taylor & Francis group.
6. Baddeley, A. D.,Andrade, J.(2000).Working memory and the vividness of imagery.Journal of Experiment Psychology: General,729(1),126-145.
7. Baddeley, A. D.,Chincotta, D.,Adiam, A.(2001).Working memory and the control of action: evidence from switching.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,130(4),641-657.
8. Baddeley, A. D.,Hitch, G. J.(1974).The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory.New York:Academic Press.
9. Baddeley, A. D.,Logie, R. H.(1992).Auditory Imagery.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Eribaum Associates Inc..
10. Bellezza, F. S.(1996).Memory: Handbook of perception and cognition (2nd ed.).US:Academic Press, Inc..
11. Brooks, L. R.(1968).Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall.Canadian Journal of Psychonomic,22,349-368.
12. Campos, A.,Perez, M. J.(1997).Mnemonic images and associated pair recall.Journal of Mental Imagery,27(3,4),73-82.
13. Engle, R. W.,Marshall, K.(1983).Do developmental changes in digit span result from acquisition strategies.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,36,429-436.
14. Ericsson, K. A.,Kintsch, W.(1995).Lone-term working memory.Psychological Review,102,211-245.
15. Haberlandt, K.(1999).Human memory: Exploration and application.Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
16. Harris, J. L.,Quails, C. D.(2000).The association of elaborative or maintenance rehearsal with age, reading comprehension and verbal working memory performance.Aphasiology,14(5,6),515-526.
17. Hegarty, M.,Shap, P.,Miyake, A.(2000).Constrain using the dual-task methodology to specify the degree of central executive involvement in cognitive tasks.Memory & Cognition,28,376-685.
18. Kail, R.,Hall, L. K.(2001).Distinguishing short-term memory from working memory.Memory & Cognition,29(1),1-9.
19. Klein, K.,Boals, A.(2001).Expressive writing can increase working memory capacity.Journal of Experiment Psychology: General,130(3),520-533.
20. Logie, R. H.,Gilhooly, K. L.,Wynn, V.(1994).Counting on working memory in mental arithmetic.Memory & Cognition,22,395-410.
21. Manalo, E.(1999).Spontaneous mnemonic use in simulated foreign word learning.Psychologia: an International Journal of Psychology in the Orient,42(3),160-169.
22. Marks, D. F.(1973).Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures.British Journal of Psychology,64(1),17-24.
23. McNamara, D. S.,Scott, J. L.(2001).Working memory capacity and strategy use.Memory & Cognition,29(1),10-17.
24. Swanson, H. L.(1999).What develops in working memory? A life span perspective.Development Psychology,35(4),986-1000.
25. Thomas, M. H.,Wang, A. Y.(1996).Learning by the keyword mnemonic: Looking for long-term benefits.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied,2(4),330-342.
26. Turner, M. L.,Engle, R. W.(1989).Is working memory capacity task dependent.Journal of memory & lansuaee,28,127-154.
27. 鄭昭明(1993)。認知心理學。台北:桂冠。

1. 陳瓊瑤、陳秋曲、郭志強、林詣茜、林玉茹(2019)。降低肝膽腸胃科病房非計畫性週邊靜脈留置針重注率之改善專案。榮總護理，36(2)，143-151。
2. 李玉琇、王馨敏、Gathercole, Susan E.(2011)。工作記憶在教室中的應用。應用心理研究，52，37-55。
3. 林慕愔(2020)。認知儲備理論及其在新住民華語教學上的應用。中原華語文學報，20，53-75。
4. 劉蕙翎,林儷蓉(2020)。運用桌遊為認知訓練模式以促進中高齡者之工作記憶。健康促進與衛生教育學報，52，87-117。
5. 劉秀丹(2009)。手語和口語工作記憶機制之異同分析。臺灣聽力語言學會雜誌，23，31-48。
6. 楊德清、李茂能(2015)。工作記憶力、後設認知能力對於國小高年級一般兒童與注意力缺陷過動症兒童之數常識發展的徑路結構分析。科學教育學刊，23(3)，265-291。
7. 楊牧貞、陳沐新、許得億、胡逸璽(2009)。潛意識思考及意識思考對困難問題決策之影響。教育心理學報，41(2)，427-440。
8. (2006)。學習策略的知識管理。教育研究與發展期刊，2(2)，19-42。
9. (2010)。從記憶提取的觀點談教師在教學中的良好發問技巧。教育研究，18，43-55。