認字自動化指標之建立與信效度研究

Indicators of Character Decoding Automaticity: Reliability and Validity

10.6251/BEP.20070125

蘇宜芬(Yi-Fen Su)；陳學志(Hsueh-Chih Chen)

自動化 ； 國小學生 ； 評量指標 ； 認字 ； character decoding ； automaticity ； indicators ； elementary school students

教育心理學報

38卷4期（2007 / 06 / 01）

501 - 514

繁體中文

本研究的主要目的為探討以字彙辨認作業中的兩項測量指標做為國小學童中文認字自動化評量指標之可行性。其中一個指標為平均反應時問，另一個指標為以刺激字複雜度為預測變項，以反應時間為效標變項之迴歸線的斜率。研究中以重測信度、複本信度、及效標關連效度對這兩項指標進行考驗。研究結果顯示字彙辨認作業中的平均反應時間具有良好的信度與效度，適合做為認字自動化的評量指標。但字彙辨認作業中的斜率則不具穩定度，也缺乏良好的效度，故不適合做為認字自動化的評量指標。此研究結果可提供認字自動化評量系統之建構的參考。

The purpose of this research was to evaluate two possible indicators of character decoding automaticity for Chinese learners in elementary schools. One of the possible indicators was mean latency of lexical recognition task. The other possible indicator was the slope predicting latency from character complexity on the lexical recognition task. The test-retest method and equivalent-forms method were adopted to evaluate the reliability of the two indicators. The criterion-related coefficient was used to evaluate the validity of the indicators. The results of reliability and validity indicated that the mean latency of lexical recognition task was a good indicator of character decoding automaticity, while the slope relating latency to character complexity on the lexical recognition task was not. This finding should be useful in establishing a computerized assessment system of decoding automaticity for elementary school students in Chinese character recognition.

1. Adams, M. J.(1990).Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print.Cambridge, MA:The MIT Press.
2. Adams, M. J.(1990).Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print.
3. Bertelson, P.(1986).The onset of literacy: Liminal remarks.Cognition,24,1-30.
4. Bertelsun, P.(1986).The onset of literacy: Liminal remarks.Cognition:
5. Biemiller, A.(1977).Relationships between oral reading rates for letters, words, and simple text in the development of reading achievement.Reading Research Quarterly,13,223-253.
6. Buawell, G. T.(1937).Fundamental reading ha bits: A study of their development (Supplementary educational monographs No. 21)..
7. Buswell, G. T.(1937).Fundamental reading habits: A study of their development (Supplementary educational monographs No. 21).Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press.
8. Calfee, R. C.,Piontkowski, D. C.(1981).The reading diary: Acquisition of decoding.Reading Research Quarterly,16,346-373.
9. Cheng, C.-M.(1982).Analysis of present day Mandarin.Journal of Chinese Linguistics,10,282-358.
10. Cheng, C.-M.(1982).Analysis of present day Mandarin.Journal of Chinese Linguistics.
11. Curtis, M.(1980).Development of components of reading skill.Journal of Educational Psychology,72,656-669.
12. Fuchs, L.,Fuchs, D.(1992).Identifying a measure for monitoring student reading progress.School Psychology Review.
13. Fuchs, L.,Fuchs, D.(1992).Identifying a measure for monitoring student reading progress.School Psychology Review,21(1),45-58.
14. Goldman, S. R.,Pellegrino, J. W.(1987).Information processing and educational microcomputer technology: Where do we go from here.Journal of Learning Disabilities,20,144-154.
15. Herman, P. A.(1985).The effect of repeated readings on reading rate, speech pauses, and word recognition accuracy.Reading Research Quarterly,20,553-565.
16. Hue, C. W.,Tzeng, A. K.(2000).Lexical recognition task: A new method for the study of Chinese character recognition.Acts Psychologia Sinica.
17. Hue, C. W.,Tzeng, A. K.(2000).Lexical recognition task: A new method for the study of Chinese character recognition.Acta Psychologia Sinica,32,60-65.
18. Jenkins, J. R.,Fuchs, L. S.,van den Broek, P.,Espin, C.,Deno, S. L.(2003).Sources of individual differences in reading comprehension and reading fluency.Journal of Educational Psychology,95(4),719-729.
19. Jone, K. M.,Torgesen, J. K.,Sexton, M. A.(1987).Using computer guided practice to increase decoding fluency in learning disabled children: A study using the Hint and Hunt I program.Journal of Learning Disabilities,20,122-128.
20. Juel, C.,Griffith, P. L.,Gough, P. B.(1986).Acquisition of literacy: A longitudinal study of children in first and second grade.Journal of Educational Psychology,78,243-225.
21. Laberge, D.,Samuels, S. J.(1974).Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading.Cognitive Psychology,6,293-323.
22. Mason, J. M.(1976).Overgeneralization in learning to read.Journal of Reading Behavior,8,173-182.
23. McCormick, C.,Samuels, S. J.(1980).Word recognition by second graders: The unit of perception and interrelationships among accuracy, latency, and comprehension.Journal of Reading Behavior,11,121-130.
24. Paria, S. G.,Carpenter, R. D.(2003).FAQs about IRIs.The Reading Teacher.
25. Paris, S. G.,Carpenter, R. D.(2003).FAQs about IRIs.The Reading Teacher,56,578-580.
26. Perfetti, C.(1985).Reading ability.
27. Perfetti, C.(1985).Reading ability.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
28. Pinnell, G. S.,Pikulaki, J. J.,Wixson, K. K.,Campbell, J. R.,Gough, P. B.,Beatty, A. S.(1995).Listening to children read aloud: Data from NAEPs Integrated Reading Performance Record (IRPR) at grade 4.
29. Pinnell, G. S.,Pikulski, J. J.,Wixson, K. K.,Campbell, J. R.,Gough, P. B.,Beatty, A. S.(1995).Listening to children read aloud: Data from NAEPs Integrated Reading Performance Record (IRPR) at grade 4.Washington, DC:National Center for Education Statistics.
30. Rasinaki, T. V.,Padak, N. D.(1998).How elementary students referred for compensatory reading instruction perform on school-based msaures of word recognition, fluency, and comprehension.
31. Rasinski, T. V.,Padak, N. D.(1998).How elementary students referred for compensatory reading instruction perform on school-based measures of word recognition, fluency, and comprehension.Reading Psychology: An International Quarterly,19,185-216.
32. Roth, S. F.,Beck, I. L.(1987).Theoretical and instructional implications of the assessment of two microcomputer word recognition programs.Reading Research Quarterly,22,197-218.
33. Samuels, S. J.,A. E. Farstrup (Eds.)(2006).What research has to say about fluency instruction.Newark, DE:International Reading Association.
34. Samuels, S. J.,A. E. Farstrup,S. J. Samuels (Eds.)(2002).What research has to say about reading instruction.Newark, DE:International Reading Association.
35. Samuels, S. J.,A. E. Farstrup,S. J. Ssmuels(2002).What research has to say about reading instruction.Newark, DE:International Reading Association.
36. Samuels, S. J.,H. Singer,R. B. Ruddell(1985).Theoretical models and processes of reading.Newark, DE:Internstionsl Reading Association.
37. Samuels, S. J.,H. Singer,R. B. Ruddell (Eds.)(1985).Theoretical models and processes of reading.Newark, DE:International Reading Association.
38. Samuels, S. J.,LaBerge, D.,Bremer, C. D.(1978).Units of word recognition: Evidence for developmental changes.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,17,715-720.
39. Samuels, S. J.,S. J. Samuels,A. E. Farstrup(2006).What research has to say about fluency instruction.Newark, DE:International Reading Association.
40. Santa, C. M.(1976).Spelling patterns and the development of flexible word recognition strategies.Reading Research Quarterly,12(2),125-144.
41. Speece, D. L.,Ritchey, K. D.(2005).A longitudinal study of the development of oral reading fluency in young children at risk for reading failure.Joural of Learning Disabilities,38(5),387-399.
42. Stanovich, K. E.(1986).Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy.Reading Research Quarterly,21,360-407.
43. Stanovich, K. E.(1982).Individual differences in the cognitive processes of reading I: Word decoding.Journal of Learning Disabilities,15,485-493.
44. Stanovich, K. E.(1985).Explaining the variance in reading ability in terms of psychological processes: What have we learned.Annals of Dyslexia,35,67-96.
45. Su, Y. F.(1997).Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesuta, Twin Cities, MN.
46. Su, Y. F.(1997).doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN.
47. Su, Y. F.,Samuels, S. J.(2007).Manuscript submitted for publication.
48. Su, Y. F.,Samuels, S. J.(2007).Developmental changes in word-length effect when reading Chinese script.Msnuscript submitted for publication.
49. Taylor, S.,Frackenpohl, H.,Pettee, J.(1960).Grade level norms for the components of the fundamental reading skill.Huntington, NJ:Educational Developmental Laboratories.
50. Taylor, S.,Frackenpohl, H.,Pettee, J.(1960).Grade level norms for the components of the fundamental reading skill.
51. Torgesen, J. K.(1986).Computer and cognition in reading: A focus on decoding fluency.Experimental Children,53,157-162.
52. van den Broek, P,Kremer, K. E.,B. M. Taylor,M. F. Graves,P. van den Broek (Eds.)(2000).Reading for meaning: Fostering comprehension in the middle grades.Newark, DE:International Reading Association.
53. van den Broek, P,Kremer, K. E,B. M. Taylor,M. F. Graves,P. van den Broek(2000).The mind in action: What it means to comprehend during reading.Reading for meaning Fostering comprehension in the middle grades.
54. 柯華崴(1991)。閱讀理解困難篩選測驗
55. 柯華葳(1999)。閱讀理解困難篩選測驗。台北:行政院國家科學委員會特殊教育工作小組。
56. 國立編譯館(1991)。國民小學常用字彙研究字頻總表。
57. 國立編譯館(1999)。國民小學常用字彙研究字頻總表。台北:國立編譯館。
58. 郭生玉(1985)。心理與教育測驗。台北:精華。
59. 郭生玉(1985)。心理與教育到驗
60. 黃秀霜(2001)。中文年級認字量表。台北:心理。
61. 楊憲明(1998)。閱讀障礙學生文字辨識自動化處理之分析研究。特殊教育與復健學報，6，15-37。

1. 曾厚強、陳茹玲、張道行、張國恩、查日龢、林維駿、李宜憲、宋曜廷(2013)。中文文本可讀性探討：指標選取、模型建立與效度驗證。中華心理學刊，55(1)，75-106。
2. 蘇宜芬、陳茹玲(2010)。國小不同認字能力學童辨識中文字詞之字元複雜度效果與詞長效果研究。教育心理學報，41(3)，579-604。
3. 蘇宜芬、黃鈺茜、張祐瑄、李孟峰(2016)。國小二至六年級朗讀流暢度篩檢準確度及切截點分析。教育科學研究期刊，61(4)，33-57。
4. 蘇宜芬、簡邦宗、楊政育、陳學志(2008)。認字補救學習系統之建立與效果評估研究。教育心理學報，39(4)，589-601。
5. 蘇宜芬、李孟峰(2018)。臺灣國民小學國語課本生字於心理語言學特性之研究。教育心理學報，49(4)，637-662。
6. (2024)。中文詞素覺識訓練軟體對台灣南部偏遠地區國小四年級弱讀生詞彙知識成效之影響。教育學報，52(1)，61-83。