心情與自我覺察對助人意向及助人行為之影響

The Effects of Mood and Objective Self-Awareness on Helping Intention and Helping Behavior

10.6251/BEP.20100531

楊梵妤(Fan-Yu Yang)；張文哲(Wen-Jer Chang)

心情 ； 自我覺察 ； 助人行為 ； 助人意向 ； helping behavior ； helping intention ； mood ； self-awareness

教育心理學報

42卷2期（2010 / 12 / 01）

339 - 358

繁體中文

本研究的主要目的是在探討心情與自我覺察對助人意向和助人行爲的影響。實驗一及實驗二皆採二因子獨立樣本實驗設計，嘗試從反應時間的角度探討助人意向問題，並以連署和義工參與測量外顯助人行爲。從這兩個實驗結果看來，呈現音樂時若涉及呈現音樂的原因，可能減弱音樂對心情的影響。而反應時間是否可以反映助人意向，須要進一步研究。實驗三係以這兩實驗爲基礎。採2（心情）×2（自我覺察）二因子獨立樣本實驗設計。實驗三發現，一般說來，助人行爲在正向心情下多於負向心情。但心情與自我覺察有交互作用。亦即，在無自我覺察狀態下，助人行爲在正向心情下多於負向心情。有自我覺察時，則正負向心情在助人行爲上無差異。

The purposes of this study are to investigate the effects of mood and objective self-awareness on the helping intent and explicit helping behavior. This research consists of 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, a 2×4 factorial design with two variations in mood (positive and negative) and four types of self-awareness (high, low, no, and interrupted) was employed. Mood variations were induced with music. The dependent variables were helping intent and helping behavior (signing a petition and working as a volunteer). No main effects or interaction effects were found. In Experiment 2, mood was induced through a recall task. A 2×2 factorial design with 2 mood states (happy and sad) and 2 self-awareness levels (high and low) was used. The dependent variable is the intent to help another. Neither main effects nor interaction effect was found from the results of a two-way ANOVA. In Experiment 3, mood was induced with music used in Experiment 1. But the dependent variable was measured differently. The numbers of characters the subjects agreed to write for the experimenter as help was operationalized as the degree of helping behavior. A 2×2 factorial design with 2 mood states (positive and negative) and 2 self-awareness levels (awareness and no awareness) was used. ANOVA revealed main effects for mood states and self-awareness. The interaction of mood and self-awareness was also found-the different effects of mood on helping behavior were found only in no self-awareness condition.

1. Aderman, D.(1972).Elation, depression, and helping behavior.Journal of personality and Social Psychology,24,91-101.
2. Berkowitz, L.(1987).Mood, self-awareness, and willingness to help.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,52(4),721-729.
3. Berkowitz, L.(1983).Aversively stimulated aggression.American Psychologist,38,1135-1144.
4. Berkowitz, L.,Connor, W. H.(1966).Success, failure, and social responsibility.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,4,664-669.
5. Brockner, J.,Hjelle, L.,Plant, R. W.(1985).Self-focused attention, self-esteem, and the experience of state depression.Journal of Personality,53,425-434.
6. Carver, C. S.(1979).A cybernetic motel of self-attention processes.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37,1251-1281.
7. Carver, C. S.,Scheier, M. F.(1981).Attention and self-regulation.New York:Springer-Verlag.
8. Cialdini, R. B.,Darby, B. L.,Vincent, J. E.(1973).Transgression and altruism: A case for hedonism.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,9,502-516.
9. Cunningham, M. R.(1979).Weather, mood, and helping behavior: The sunshine Samaritan.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37,1947-1956.
10. Donnerstein, E.,Donnerstein, M.,Munger, G.(1975).Helping behavior as a function of pictorially induced moods.The Journal of Social Psychology,97,221-225.
11. Duval, S.,Lalwani, N.(1999).Objective self-awareness and causal attributions for self standard discrepancies: Changing self or changing standards of correctness.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,25,1220-1229.
12. Duval, S.,Wicklund, R. A.(1972).A theory of objective self awareness.New York:Academic Press.
13. Fishbein, M.,Ajzen, I.(1975).Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research.Reading, MA:Addison-Wesley.
14. Fried, R.,Berkowitz, L.(1979).Music hath charms...and can influence helpfulness.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,9,199-208.
15. Froming W.,Nasby, W.,McManus, J.(1998).Prosocial self-schemas, self-awareness, and children's prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,75(3),766-777.
16. George. J. M.(1991).Slate or trait: Effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work.Journal of Applied Psychology,76(2),299-307.
17. Gueguen, N.,De Gail, M-A.(2003).The effects of smiling on helping behavior: Smiling and good Samaritan behavior.Communication Reports,16(2),133-140.
18. Harris, M.,Siebal, C.(1975).Affect, aggression, and altruism.Developmental Psychology,11,623-627.
19. Holloway, S.,Tucker, L.,Hornstein, H.(1977).The effect of social and nonsocial information in interpersonal behavior of males: The news makes news.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35,514-522.
20. Isen, A. M.(1970).Success, failure, attention, and reactions to others: The warm glow of success.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,15,294-301.
21. Isen, A. M.,Levin, P. F.(1972).Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,21(3),384-388.
22. Isen, A. M.,Shalker, T. E.,Clark, M.,Karp, L.(1978).Affect, accessibility of material in memory, and behavior: A cognitive loop?.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,36,1-12.
23. Job, R. F. S.(1987).The effect of mood on helping behavior.The Journal of Social Psychology,127(4),323-328.
24. Kallgren, C. A.,Reno, R. R.,Cialdini, R. B.(2000).A focus theory of normative conduct: When norms do and do not affect behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,26,1002-1012.
25. Kim, I.,Kwak, K.,Chang, G.,Yang, J.(1998).Rock music and Korean adolescent's antisocial behavior.Practitioners and Teachers,106,14-18.
26. Magnan, R. E.,Hinsz, V. B.(2005).Mood, gender, and situational influences on risk-taking advice for others.Social Behavior and Personality,33(1),1-10.
27. Mathews. K. E.,Canon, L. K.(1975).Environmental noise level as a determinant of helping behaviour.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,32,571-577.
28. Mayer, F. S.,Duval, S.,Holtz, K.,Bowman, C.(1985).Self-focus, helping request salience, felt responsibility, and helping behavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,11,133-144.
29. North, A. C.,Tarrant, M.,Hargreaves, D. J.(2004).The effects of music on helping behavior: A field study.Environment and Behavior,36(2),266-275.
30. Rosenhan, D. L.,Underwood, B.,Moore, B.(1974).Affect moderates self-gratification and altruism.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,30,546-552.
31. Schachter, S.,Singer, J, E.(1962).Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.Psychological Review,69,379-399.
32. Scheier, M. F.,Carver, C. S.(1983).Self-directed attention and the comparison of self with standards.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,19,205-222.
33. Scheier, M. F.,Carver, C. S.(1977).Self-focused attention and the experience of emotion: Attraction, repulsion, elation, and depression.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35,625-636.
34. Silvia, P. J.(2002).Self-awareness and emotional intensity.Cognition and Emotion,16(2),195-216.
35. Silvia, P. J.(2002).Self-awareness and the regulation of emotional intensity.Self and Identity,1,3-10.
36. Snyder, C. R.(ed.),Lopez. S. J.(ed.)(2002).Handbook of positive psychology.London:Oxford University Press.
37. Taylor, S. E.,Peplau, L. A.,Sears, D. O.(1997).Social psychology.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
38. Underwood, B.,Berenson, J. F.,Berenson, R.,Cheng, K.,Wilson, D.,Kulik, J.,Moore, G.,Wenzel, G.(1977).Attention, negative affect, and altruism: An ecological validation.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,3,54-58.
39. Veitch, R.,DeWood, R.,Bosko, K.(1977).Radio news broadcasts: Their effects on interpersonal helping.Sociometry,40,383-386.
40. 鄭麗鳳(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修研究所。
41. 賴敏慧(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修研究所。
42. 羅瑞玉(1998)。國小學生的利社會行為及其相關因素之研究。屏東師院學報，11，105-140。
43. 蘇清守(1990)。國中學生的助人行為及其在道德教育上的涵義。教育心理學報，23，99-118。