A Phenomenological Approach to Taiwanese Mothers' Recollections of the Sudden Deaths of Their Children in Taiwan

台灣母親對驟逝子女的思念－一個現象學取向之研究

10.6251/BEP.20110511

王純娟(Chun-Chuan Wang)

子女驟逝 ； 台灣的母親 ； 母親的思念 ； mothers' recollections ； sudden death of a child ； Taiwanese mothers

教育心理學報

43卷4期（2012 / 06 / 01）

921 - 941

英文

本研究旨在理解母親對驟逝子女思念經驗之本質。本研究驟逝之子女乃因台灣九二一大地震而喪生；母親對已逝子女的思念，具體而微地呈現在本研究的哀傷田野中。本研究以現象學取向理解母親對驟逝子女的思念。在資料蒐集步驟，研究者以個人中心取向（Rogers, 1961, 1980）對八位喪子女母親進行個別深度訪談，在資料分析方面，本研究採用Moustakas（1994）所發展的現象學分析步驟，研究結果一綜合性的脈絡性─結構性的描述（composite textual-structural description）呈現母親對驟逝子女思念經驗之本質。台灣母親對驟逝子女的思念的獨特性表現在兩股力量的拉扯：母親自然而然地思念著自己的孩子，宗教民俗「為了孩子在另一個世界過得好，不要思念他，也讓他走得開」的相信反而阻卻了母親對孩子的思念。本研究針對母親思念的重要本質─兩難，以及文化差異與宗教信仰進行討論。

This study aimed to understand mothers' recollections of the sudden deaths of their children in an earthquake that hit Taiwan on September 21, 1999. A phenomenological approach 10 mothers' recol1ections was conducted through person-centered process (Rogers, 1961, 1980) of data collection, and a Moustakas's (1994) data analysis that led to a composite textual-structural description. This experience is unique in a way that has made Taiwanese mothers seemingly torn between the contradictory forces of their natural tendency to recall their deceased children and the widespread hearsay that recollection ought to be forbidden for the sake of the deceased's benefit in the afterworld. The paradoxical nature of mothers' recollections and the issues of cultural differences and religious beliefs were discussed.

1. Wang, Chun-Chuan(2005)。Human nature and therapist attitudes: Philosophical reflections of person-centered approach, Zen Buddhism and Taoism。Chinese Annual Report of Guidance and Counseling，17，213-244。
   連結：
2. Wang, Chun-Chuan(2006)。An exploration of the encounter of grief therapy and Taiwan's mourning rituals and religious beliefs。Journal of Life-and-Death Studies，3，93-131。
   連結：
3. Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141-148.
4. Arnold, J.,Gemma, P. B.,Cushman, L. F.(2005).Exploring parental grief: Combining quantitative and qualitative measures.Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,19(6),245-255.
5. Becker, S. H.,Knudson, R. M.(2003).Visions of the dead: Imagination and mourning.Death Studies,27,691-716.
6. Bohannon, J. R.(1990).Grief responses of spouses following the death of a child: A longitudinal study.Omega: Journal of Death and Dying,22(2),109-121.
7. Bohart, A. C.(1995).If we dance, who leads?.Person-Centered Journal,2(1),35-37.
8. Brice, C. W.(1991).Paradoxes of maternal mourning.Psychiatry,54,1-12.
9. Chang, M. T.Ed.(1979)。Thoughts of the Pure-Land Vol. 2。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:The Mahayana Publishing=大乘文化。
10. Chen, Rei-Long(1999)。The roots of the traditions of funeral services in Taiwan。Tainan, Taiwan=台南:Shi-Fong=世峰。
11. Clark, J.,Franzmann, M.(2006).Authority from grief, presence and place in the making of roadside memorials.Death Studies,30,579-599.
12. Cook, A. S.,Bosley, G.(1995).The experience of participating in bereavement research: Stressful or therapeutic?.Death Studies,19,157-170.
13. Corsini, R. J.(Ed.),Wedding, D.(Ed.)(1995).Current psychotherapies.Itasca, IL:F. E. Peacock.
14. Datson, S. L.,Marwit, S. J.(1997).Personality constructs and perceived presence of deceased loves ones.Death Studies,21,131-146.
15. Farnsworth, E. B.,Allen, K. R.(1996).Mothers' bereavement: Experiences of marginalization, stories of change.Family Relations,45,360-367.
16. Field, N.,Nichols, C.,Holen, A.,Horowitz, M.(1999).The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,67,212-218.
17. Freire, E.,Tambara, N.(2000).Client-centered therapy: The challenges of clinical practice.Person-Centered Journal,7(2),129-138.
18. Hsu, Fu-Chuan(1999)。A study on folk traditions of funeral services。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Chung-Cheng=中正。
19. Hsu, M. T.,Kahn, D. L.,Hsu, M.(2003).A single lead orchid: Meaning of a husband's death for Taiwanese widows.Ethos,30(4),306-326.
20. Hsu, M. T.,Kahn, D. L.,Yee, D. H.,Lee, W. L.(2004).Recovery through reconnection: A cultural design for family bereavement in Taiwan.Death Studies,28,761-786.
21. Hui, Jao(1984)。An introduction to Buddhism。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Kuochia=國家。
22. Hwang, Wen-Bo(2000)。Living and death of Taiwanese。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Chung-Min Publishers=常民文化。
23. Keen, E.(1975).A primer in phenomenological psychology.New York, NY:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
24. Klass, D.(1993).Solace and immortality: Bereaved parents' continuing bond with their children.Death Studies,17,343-368.
25. Klass, D.(Ed.),Silverman, P. R.(Ed.),Nickman, S. L.(Ed.)(1996).Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief.Philadelphia, PA:Taylor & Francis.
26. Lin, Chia-Ying(1999)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。Taiwan，National Kaohsiung Normal University=國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所。
27. Master Sheng-Yen(2004)。Facing life and death with joy。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Common Life=天下。
28. Master Sheng-Yen(1992)。The orthodox Buddhism。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Dong-Tsu=東初。
29. Master Shih-Liao(1993)。The required knowledge near death。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Shyh Hyah International Co.=世樺。
30. Master, Yin-GuanEd.、Master, Hong-YiEd.(1997)。The essay on the three crucial elements near death and the very last step of our life。Taichung, Taiwan=台中:Taichung Locus=台中蓮社。
31. Moustakas, C.(1994).Phenomenological research methods.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
32. Murphy, S. A.,Gupta, A. D.,Cain, K. C.,Johnson, L. C.,Lohan, J.,Wu, L.,Mekwa, J.(1999).Changes in parents' mental distress after the violent death of an adolescent or youth adult child: A longitudinal prospective analysis.Death Studies,23,129-159.
33. Parkes, C. M.(1986).Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life.Madison, CN:International Universities Press.
34. Pennebaker, J. W.,O''Heeron, R. C.(1984).Confiding in others and illness rate among spouses of suicide and accidental-death victims.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,93(4),473-476.
35. Rando, T. A.(Ed.)(1986).Parental loss of a child.Champaign, IL:Research Press.
36. Raphael, B.(1983).The anatomy of bereavement.Northvale, NJ:Jason Aronson.
37. Rinpoche, Sogyal、Cheng, C. H.Trans.(1992)。The Tibetan book of living and dying。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Living Psychology=張老師。
38. Rogers, C. R.(1980).A way of being.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
39. Rogers, C. R.(1961).On becoming a person.Boston, MA:Houghton Mifflin.
40. Rubin, S. S.(1985).The resolution of bereavement: A clinical focus on the relationship to the deceased.Psychotherapy,22(2),231-235.
41. Rubin, S. S.(1999).The two-track model of bereavement: Overview, retrospect, and prospect.Death Studies,23(8),681-714.
42. Rubinstein, G.(2004).Locus of control and helplessness: Gender differences among bereaved parents.Death Studies,28,211-223.
43. Stroebe, M. S.(1998).New directions in bereavement research: Exploration of gender differences.Palliative Medicine,12,5-12.
44. Stroebe, M. S.(Ed.),Stroebe, W.(Ed.),Hansson, R. O.(Ed.)(1993).Handbook of bereavement.Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
45. Stroebe, M.,Schut, H.(2005).To continue or relinquish bonds: A review of consequences for the bereaved.Death Studies,29,477-494.
46. Thompson, K. E.,Range, L. M.(1992).Bereavement following suicide and other deaths: Why support attempts fail.Omega: Journal of Death and Dying,26(1),61-70.
47. Walker, G. C.(2000).Secular eschatology: Beliefs about afterlife.Omega: Journal of Death and Dying,41(1),5-22.
48. Wheeler, I.(2001).Parental bereavement: The crisis of meaning.Death Studies,25,51-66.
49. Wheeler, I.(1999).The role of linking objects in parental bereavement.Omega: Journal of Death and Dying,38(4),289-296.
50. Wu, Ying-Tao(1998)。Folk traditions in Taiwan。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Chung-Wen=眾文圖書。
51. Yeh-Ho, Hsien-Wen(2003)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。Taiwan，Nan-Hua University=南華大學生死學研究所。
52. Yu, Shao-Po(1977)。The most crucial thing in life。Taipei, Taiwan=台北:Shih-Hua=世樺。

1. 王純娟(2019)。喪親哀傷現象學取向研究：研究者之態度、反思與意識轉換。輔導與諮商學報，41(1)，21-54。
2. (2024)。重度障礙學生照顧哲學之探討與反思。身心障礙研究季刊，22(1)，19-31。