情緒調節在青少年人際依附與心理困擾之中介角色分析研究

Attachment, Emotion Regulation, and Psychological Distress: Examining Mediating Effects among Taiwanese Adolescents

10.6251/BEP.20111129

王櫻芬(Ying-Fen Wang)

人際依附 ； 心理困擾 ； 青少年 ； 情緒調適 ； 憂鬱 ； adolescent ； attachment ； depression ； emotion regulation ； psychological distress

教育心理學報

44卷2期（2012 / 12 / 01）

273 - 293

繁體中文

本研究之主要目的在檢驗國中生的情緒調節能力在其人際依附與心理困擾間的中介角色，以2124名國三學生進行研究。結果發現（1）男生在「依附逃避-母親」、「依附逃避-好友」、「依附焦慮-父親」與「學校生活困擾」上的得分較女生為高；（2）青少年對父親與對母親的依附間呈中度正相關，而對好友的依附與對父母的依附間之相關則較為微弱；（3）與不同對象的依附逃避和依附焦慮和青少年自陳行為困擾、憂鬱情緒間呈顯著正相關；（4）青少年情緒調節能力與自陳行為困擾，憂鬱情緒間呈顯著負相關；（5）對父親與母親的依附焦慮與依附逃避可直接影響自陳心理困擾，亦可透過情緒調節間接影響自陳心理困擾；（6）對好友的依附焦慮可直接亦可透過情緒調節間接影響自陳心理困擾；然而，與預期不同的，好友依附逃避對青少年自陳心理困擾之整體效果未達顯著。本研究結果顯示父母依附和同儕依附與青少年心理困擾間有著不同關聯，依此發現作者提出後續研究以及實務介入上的建議。

The purpose of the current study was to examine the mediating effects of emotion regulation on the attachment-psychological distress link among Taiwanese adolescents. A sample of 2124 9th graders from Kaohsiung City, Taiwan was recruited to participate in the study, and the structural equation modeling technique was applied to analyze the data. Findings were as followings. First, boys scored higher than girls on Attachment Avoidance-Mother, Attachment Avoidance-Best Friend, Attachment Anxiety-Father, and School Life Disturbance. Second, there existed significant moderate correlations between attachment toward mother and attachment toward father. Yet, the correlations between attachment toward the best friend and attachment toward parents were weak. Third, two dimensions of attachment toward three different targets were significantly and positively related to adolescents' self-reported disturbances and depression. Forth, emotion regulation was significantly and negatively associated with disturbances and depression. Fifth, attachment toward parents had not only direct effects on adolescents' distress but also indirect effects on distress through emotion regulation. Finally, attachment anxiety toward the best friend was directly and indirectly related to distress through emotion regulation. However, attachment avoidance toward the best friend had no significant total effect on distress. Based on these findings, suggestion for future research and implications of interventions on improving adolescent mental health were provided.

1. 施宇峰、譚子文(2011)。依附關係和自我概念之關聯性研究。台中教育大學學報：教育類，25(1)，1-27。
   連結：
2. 陳金定、劉焜輝(2003)。青少年依附行為與情緒調適能力之因果模式初探。教育心理學報，35，39-58。
   連結：
3. 詹雨臻、葉玉珠、彭月茵、葉碧玲(2009)。「青少年復原力量表」之發展。測驗學刊，56，491-518。
   連結：
4. 歐陽儀、吳麗娟、林世華(2006)。青少年依附關係、知覺父母言語管教、情緒穩定之相關研究。教育心理學報，37(4)，319-344。
   連結：
5. 蘇曉憶、戴嘉南(2008)。青少年完美主義、自尊與其憂鬱傾向之相關研究。諮商輔導學報，18，123-154。
   連結：
6. Lancee, W. J., Maunder, R. G., Fraley, R. C., & Tannenbaum, D. (2004). Validation of the experiences in close relationships-revised questionnaire and a brief measure of adult attachment derived from it, Unpublished manuscript.
7. Armsden, G. C.,Greenberg, M. T.(1987).The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,16,427-453.
8. Bartholomew, K.,Horowitz, L. M.(1991).Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four category model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61,226-244.
9. Bowlby, J.(1982).Attachment and loss.New York, NY:Basic Books.
10. Brennan, K. A.,Clark, C. L.,Shaver, P. R.(1998).Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview.Attachment theory and close relationships,New York, NY:
11. Cooper, M. L.,Shaver, P. R.,Collins, N. L.(1998).Attachment styles, emotion regulation, and adjustment in adolescence.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,74,1380-1397.
12. Doyle, A. B.,Lawford, H.,Markiewicz, D.(2009).Attachment style with mother, father, best friend, and romantic partner during adolescence.Journal of Research on Adolescence,19,690-714.
13. Ducharme, J.,Doyle, A.,Markiewicz, D.(2002).Attachment security with mother and father: Associations with adolescents' reports of interpersonal behavior with parents and peers.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,19,203-231.
14. Dunn, V.,Goodyer, I. M.(2006).Longitudinal investigation into childhood- and adolescence-onset depression: Psychiatric outcome in early adulthood.Journal of Psychiatry,188,216-22.
15. Fraley, R. C.(2007).A connectionist approach to the organization and continuity of working models of attachment.Journal of Personality,75,1157-1180.
16. Fraley, R. C.,Shaver, P. R.(2000).Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions.Review of General Psychology,4(2),132-154.
17. Fraley, R. C.,Waller, N. G.(1998).Adult attachment patterns: A test of the typological model.Attachment theory and close relationships,New York, NY:
18. Fraley, R. C.,Waller, N. G.,Brennan, K. A.(2000).An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78,350-365.
19. Furman, W.,Buhrmester, D.(1985).Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks.Developmental Psychology,21,1016-24.
20. Gross, J. J.,Muñoz, R. F.(1995).Emotion regulation and mental health.Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,2(2),151-164.
21. Hu, L.,Bentler, P. M.(1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Structural Equation Modeling,6(1),1-55.
22. Johnson, L. N.,Ketring, S. A.,Abshire, C.(2003).The revised inventory of parent attachment: Measuring attachment in families.Contemporary Family Therapy,25,333-349.
23. Klohnen, E. C.,Weller, J. A.,Luo, S.,Choe, M. H.(2005).Organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment models: One for all, and all for one?.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,31,1665-1682.
24. Kobak, R. R.,Cole, J. E.,Ferenz-Gillies, R.,Fleming, W. S.,Gamble, W.(1993).Attachment and emotion regulation during mother-teen problem solving: A control theory analysis.Child Development,64,231-245.
25. La Guardia, J. G.,Ryan, R. M.,Couchman, C. E.,Deci, E. L.(2000).Within-person variation in security of attachment: A self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need fulfillment, and well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,79,367-384.
26. Liu, Y.-L.(2008).An examination of three models of the relationships between parental attachments and adolescents' social functioning and depressive symptoms.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,37,941-952.
27. MacDermott, S. T.,Gullone, E.,Allen, J. S.,King, N. J.,Tonge, B.(2010).The emotion regulation index for children and adolescents (ERICA): A psychometric investigation.Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,32,301-314.
28. Margolese, S. K.,Markiewicz, D.,Doyle, A. B.(2005).Attachment to parents, best friend, and romantic partner: Predicting different pathways to depression in adolescence.Journal of Youth and Adolescence,34,637-650.
29. Martens, M. P.(2005).The use of structural equation modeling in counseling psychology research.The Counseling Psychologist,33,269-298.
30. Mikulincer, M.,Shaver, P. R.(2007).Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change.New York, NY:Guilford Press.
31. Overall, N. C.,Fletcher, G. J. O.,Friesen, M.D.(2003).Mapping the intimate relationship mind: Comparisons between three models of attachment representations.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,29,1479-1493.
32. Ronnlund, M.,Karlsson, E.(2006).The relation between dimensions of attachment and internalizing or externalizing problems during adolescence.Journal of Genetic Psychology,167,47-63.
33. Russell, D. W.,Kahn, J. H.,Spoth, R.,Altmaier, E. M.(1998).Analyzing data from experimental studies: A latent variable structural equation modeling approach.Journal of Counseling Psychology,45,18-29.
34. Shochet, I. M.,Homel, R.,Cockshaw, W. D.,Montgomery, D. T.(2008).How do school connectedness and attachment to parents interrelate in predicting adolescent depressive symptoms?.Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,37,676-681.
35. Thompson, R. A.(1991).Emotional regulation and emotional development.Educational Psychology Review,3(4),269-307.
36. Wang, C. D.,Mallinckrodt, B. S.(2006).Differences between Taiwanese and U.S. cultural beliefs about ideal adult attachment.Journal of Counseling Psychology,53,192-204.
37. Wang, Y. F.,Neville, H. A.(2006).Testing the reliability of the relationship structures questionnaire among Taiwanese adolescents.annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,New Orleans, LA:
38. Wang, Y.-F.,Lin, W.-J.,Sio, L.-T.(2009).Further validation of "Relationships structures questionnaire-Chinese" among Taiwanese adolescents.annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,Toronto, Canada:
39. Wei, M.,Mallinckrodt, B.,Russell, D. W.,Abraham, W. T.(2004).Maladaptive perfectionism as a mediator and moderator between adult attachment and depressive mood.Journal of Counseling Psychology,51,201-212.
40. Weinberg, A.,Klonsky, E. D.(2009).Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents.Psychological Assessment,21,616-621.
41. Wilkinson, R. B.(2010).Best friend attachment versus peer attachment in the prediction of adolescent psychological adjustment.Journal of Adolescence,33,709-717.
42. Zimmermann, P.,Maier, M. A.,Winter, M.,Grossmann, K. E.(2001).Attachment and adolescents' emotion regulation during a joint problem-solving task with a friend.International Journal of Behavioral Development,25,331-343.
43. 王淑鄉(2006)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立花蓮教育大學諮商與輔導研究所。
44. 王鎮岳(2007)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學工業教育研究所在職進修班。
45. 王櫻芬、林佩諭(2009)。青少年人際依附與其社交能力之相關研究。臺灣輔導與諮商學會2009年會暨國際學術研討會，臺北:
46. 江文慈(1999)。博士論文(博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所。
47. 吳秀華(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所。
48. 林柏廷(2005)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所。
49. 林家屏(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立成功大學教育研究所。
50. 林麗梋(2004)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所。
51. 徐嫚淳(2007)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所。
52. 董氏基金會(2004)。青少年情緒自我檢視表。台北:董氏基金會。

1. 黃絢質(Hsun-Chih Huang)(2022)。師資生線上負向情緒調節體驗之探究。教育研究與發展期刊。18(1)。75-106。