從幽谷邁向巔峰：教師的心理健康狀態類型與促進因子之探索

From Languishing to Flourishing: Exploration of the Types of Teachers' Mental Health Statuses and Predictors of Teachers' Mental Health

10.6251/BEP.20120402

鐘珮純(Pei-Chun Chung)；余民寧(Min-Ning Yu)；許嘉家(Jia-Jia Syu)；陳柏霖(Po-Lin Chen)；趙珮晴(Pei-Ching Chao)

心理健康狀態類型 ； 教師生活瑣事 ； 影響領域特定性假說 ； domain-specific effects hypothesis ； teachers' daily hassles and uplifts ； types of mental health status

教育心理學報

44卷3期（2013 / 03 / 01）

629 - 646

繁體中文

本研究目的在瞭解目前中小學教師的心理健康狀態類型之分佈情形，並探索教師心理健康之促進因子。本研究以正向心理學為理論基礎，提出心理健康狀態理論模型，並以影響領域特定性假說為理論基礎，探索教師從幽谷邁向巔峰的心理健康狀態之促進因子。本研究以分層隨機抽樣方式抽取樣本，共獲得1020位有效樣本，分別以主觀幸福感量表、台灣憂鬱症量表、及教師生活瑣事量表進行測量。研究結果發現：1. 大多數教師的心理疾病程度偏低，但仍有21.4％的中小學教師群，係屬於幽谷型的心理健康狀態類型；2. 教師從幽谷邁向巔峰的心理健康狀態之促進因子為正向生活瑣事。文末並針對實務工作及未來研究，提出各項具體相關建議。

The main purposes of this study were to explore the distribution of the teachers' mental health statuses, and to explore the facilitators that would facilitate teachers' mental health status from languishing to flourishing based on domain-specific effects hypothesis. Survey data were collected from 1020 teachers in Taiwan with stratified random sampling by Subjective Well-being Scale, Taiwan Depression Scale, and Teacher's Daily Hassles and Uplifts Scale. Results indicated that (a) most teachers did not exhibit mental illness symptoms, however, 21.4% of the teachers were classified into the languishing mental health status; (b) developing uplifts in daily life was a predictor of teachers transitioning from languishing to flourishing mental health statuses. Finally, suggestions for counseling interventions and future research were proposed.

1. Yu, S. C.,Yu, M. N.(2007).Comparison of internet-based and paper-based questionnaires in Taiwan by using a multi-sample invariance approach.CyberPsychology and Behavior,10(4),501-507.
   連結：
2. 余民寧、李仁豪(2008)。調查方式與議題熟悉度對問卷回收率與內容的影響。教育學刊，30，101-140。
   連結：
3. 余民寧、謝進昌、林士郁、陳柏霖、曾筱婕(2011)。教師主觀幸福感模式建構與驗證之研究。測驗學刊，58(1)，55-85。
   連結：
4. 游森期、余民寧(2006)。網路問卷與傳統問卷之比較：多樣本均等性方法學之應用。測驗學刊，53(1)，103-128。
   連結：
5. 教育部全球資訊網（2007）：各級學校概況表。取自教育部網站： http://140.111.34.54/statistics/content.aspx?site_content_sn=8869，2010 年 11 月 14 日。
6. Ballesteros, R. Fernandez(Ed.)(2003).Encyclopedia of psychological assessment.London, UK:Sage.
7. Beer, J.(1992).Burnout and stress, depression and self-esteem of teachers.Psychological Reports,71,1331-1336.
8. Berg-Weger, M.,Rubio, D. M.,Tebb, S. S.(2000).Depression as a mediator: Viewing caregiver well-being and strain in a different light.Families in Society,81(2),162-173.
9. Chappell, N. L.,Reid, C.(2002).Burden and well-being among caregivers: Examining the distinction.The Gerontologist,42,772-780.
10. Connelly, N. A.,Brown, T. L.,Decker, D. J.(2003).Factors affecting response rates to natural resource-focused mail surveys: Empirical evidence of declining rates over time.Society & Natural Resources,16,541-549.
11. Diener, E. D.(1984).Subjective well-being.Psychological Bulletin,95,542-575.
12. Diener, E. D.,Suh, E. M.,Lucas, R. E.,Smith, H. L.(1999).Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.Psychological Bulletin,125,276-302.
13. Gable, S. L.,Reis, H. T.,Elliot, A. J.(2000).Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78(6),1135-1149.
14. Goho, J.(2002).Mixed mode effects in a community college graduate survey.42nd Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research,Toronto, Canada:
15. Grove, W. M.,Meehl, P. E.(1996).Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy.Psychology, Public Policy, & Law,2(2),293-323.
16. Hart, P. M.,Wearing, A. J.,Headey, B.(1993).Assessing police work experiences: Development of the police daily hassles and uplifts scales.Journal of Criminal Justice,21,553-572.
17. Hu, L. T.,Bentler, P. M.(1999).Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.Structural Equation Modeling,6,1-55.
18. Huppert, F. A.(2009).A new approach to reducing disorder and improving well-being.Perspectives on Psychological Science,4,108-111.
19. Huppert, F. A.(2005).Positive mental health in individuals and populations.The science of well-being,Oxford, England:
20. Huppert, F. A.,Whittington, J. E.(2003).Evidence for the independence of positive and negative well-being: implications for quality of life assessment.British Journal of Health Psychology,8,107-122.
21. Kanner, A. D.,Coyne, J. C.,Schaefer, C.,Lazarus, R. S.(1981).Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events.Journal of Behavioral Medicine,4(1),1-25.
22. Keyes, C. L. M.(2003).Complete mental health: An agenda for the 21st century.Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived,Washington, DC:
23. Keyes, C. L. M.(2002).The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life.Journal of Health and Social Behavior,43(2),207-222.
24. Keyes, C. L. M.(1998).Social well-being.Social Psychology Quarterly,61,121-140.
25. Keyes, C. L. M.(2005).Chronic physical conditions and aging: Is mental health a potential protective factor?.Ageing International,30(1),88-104.
26. Keyes, C. L. M.(2005).Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,73(3),539-548.
27. Keyes, C. L. M.,Shmotkin, D.,Ryff, C. D.(2002).Optimization well-being: The empirical encounter of two tradition.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(6),1007-1022.
28. Kovess-Masféty, V.,Sevilla-Dedieu, C.,Rios-Seidel, C.,Nerrière, E.,Chan, C. C.(2006).Do teachers have more health problems? Results from a French cross-sectional survey.BMC Public Health,6,101.
29. Lawton, M. P.(1983).The varieties of well-being.Experimental Aging Research,9,65-72.
30. Maybery, D. J.,Graham, D.(2001).Hassles and uplifts: Including interpersonal events.Stress and Health,17,91-104.
31. Meehl, P. E.(1996).Clinical versus statistical prediction: A theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence.Northvale, NJ:Jason Aronson.
32. Newell, C. E.,Rosenfeld, P.,Harris, R. N.,Hindelang, R. L.(2004).Reasons for nonresponse on U.S. Navy Surveys: A closer look.Military Psychology,16(4),265-276.
33. Penninx, B. W. J. H.,Guralnik, J. M.,Simonsick, E. M.,Kasper, J. D.,Ferrucci, L.,Fried, L. P.(1998).Emotional vitality among disabled older women: The women's health and aging study.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,46,807-815.
34. Pinquart, M.,Sörensen, S.(2004).Associations of caregiver stressors and uplifts with subjective well-being and depressive mood: A meta-analytic comparison.Aging and Mental Health,8(5),438-449.
35. Reich, J. W.,Zautra, A. J.,Hill, J.(1987).Activity, event transactions, and quality of life in older adults.Psychology and Aging,2,116-124.
36. Robitschek, C.,Keyes, C. L. M.(2009).Keyes's model of mental health with personal growth initiative as a parsimonious predictor.Journal of Counseling Psychology,56(2),321-329.
37. Ryff, C. D.(1995).Psychological well-being in adult life.Current Direction in Psychological Science,4,99-104.
38. Ryff, C. D.(1989).Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,57,1069-1081.
39. Ryff, C. D.,Keyes, C. L.(1995).The Structure of Psychological well-being revisited.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69(4),719-727.
40. Smith, T. W.,Christensen, A.(1996).Positive and negative affect in rheumatoid arthritis: Increased specificity in the assessment of emotional adjustment.Annals of Behavioral Medicine,18,75-78.
41. Snyder, C. R.(Ed.),Lopez, S. J.(Ed.)(2002).Handbook of Positive Psychology.New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
42. Watson, D.,Tellegen, A.(1985).Toward a consensual structure of mood.Psychological Bulletin,98,219-235.
43. Winter, L.,Lawton, M. P.,Casten, R. J.,Sando, R. L.(2000).The relationship between external events and affect states in older people.International Journal of Aging and Human Development,50,85-96.
44. Yu, M. N.,Chung, P. C.,Syu, J. J.,Chen, P. L.(2009).Is the mental health an one- or two-dimensional construct? Perspective from the structural equation modeling.2009 Southeast Asia Psychology Conference (SEAP 2009),Sabah, Malaysia:
45. Yu, M. N.,Hsieh, J. C.,Chen, P. L.,Chung, P. C.,Syu, J. J.,Chao, P. C.(2010).The proposal of types of mental health status.2010 New Zealand Psychological Society Conference (NZPsS 2010),Rotorua, New Zealand:
46. 余民寧、李仁豪(2006)。調查方式與問卷長短對回收率與調查內容影響之研究。當代教育研究季刊，14(3)，127-168。
47. 余民寧、劉育如、李仁豪(2008)。臺灣憂鬱症量表的實用決斷分數編製報告。教育研究與發展期刊，4(4)，231-257。
48. 吳維仁(2004)。東吳大學心理學系。
49. 曾柔鳴(2009)。國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商學系。
50. 蔡俊傑、張順發(2004)。以結構方程模式探討教師工作生活品質、工作價值觀與組織承諾之關係。屏師學報，21，69-109。

1. 王佳琪(Chia-Chi Wang);何曉琪(Hsiao-Chi Ho)(2021)。想像與現實的交織：設計領域想像－創造歷程之建構。教育科學研究期刊。66(4)。245-280。