题名

以磁共振造影取向探討身體活動與神經認知功能老化：回顧與展望

并列篇名

Exploring the Relationship between Physical Activity and Aging of Neurocognitive Functioning Aging: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approach

DOI

10.6251/BEP.20130114

作者

張育愷(Yu-Kai Chang)；祝堅恆(Chien-Heng Chu)；王俊智(Chun-Chih Wang)；楊高騰(Kao-Teng Yang)

关键词

身體適能 ； 執行功能 ； 結構性磁共振造影 ； 認知神經科學 ； 健身運動心理學 ； cognitive neuroscience ； executive function ； exercise psychology ； physical fitness ； structural magnetic resonance imaging

期刊名称

教育心理學報

卷期/出版年月

45卷1期（2013 / 09 / 01）

页次

83 - 102

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

許多研究指出，身體活動在減緩因年齡導致之認知功能衰退扮演重要的角色；其中，以認知神經科學取向探究身體活動、認知功能及大腦的關連，已成為國際間研究最為新穎的主流發展之一。本文之目的係以磁共振造影取向之研究為主軸，整理與分析國際間在身體活動、認知功能老化及大腦結構的研究成果。結果發現，身體活動對於大腦有其正面效益，而近十年國際間對該議題已採用多元方向，包括橫斷式與縱貫式之流行病學與實驗研究等進行探究。具體而言，研究可依據變項或分析方式區分為身體適能、心血管適能、灰質與白質、神經聯繫、特定大腦結構或中介分析等方向探討。為達到與國際間研究之接軌，國內研究者應重視當前跨領域研究發展的趨勢，並建議可從身體適能的次成分、競技與健身運動型態、認知功能與測驗的選擇、調節因子、以及更嚴謹的研究設計等方向作進一步探究。
英文摘要

Considerable research has indicated that physical activity plays a significant role in delaying aged-related cognitive decline. Among these studies cognitive neuroscience is one of the most contemporary approaches used to exploring the relationships among physical activity, cognitive functionings, and human brain status. The purpose of this review is to compare and analyze studies that the applied of magnetic resonance imaging studies regarding on physical activity, aging of neurocognitive functioning, and brain structures. Results reveal that physical activity has beneficial effects on brain structure, and international research has been employed by examining multi-directional dimensional analysis, including cross-sectional, longitudinal, epidemiological and experimental approaches. Specifically, based on the variables and analysis approaches utilized, these studies can be categorized according to measurements of physical fitness, cardiovascular fitness, white and gray matter statuses, neuron connectivity, specific brain structure variations, and mediational analysis. To achieve international status, research in Taiwan need to focus on issues that address the sub-components of physical fitness, including sport and exercise modalities, cognitive functionings and their measurements, and the status of the moderators using, using more rigid research designs in future studies.
主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
社會科學 > 教育學
参考文献
  1. 王駿濠、蔡佳良(2011)。高活動量女性長者之視覺空間工作記憶：行為與事件相關電位之研究。中華心理衛生學刊，24，345-380。
    連結：
  2. 洪聰敏、石恒星(2009)。腦波在運動心理學研究之應用。應用心理研究，42，123-161。
    連結：
  3. 張育愷、吳聰義(2011)。急性健身運動對認知功能的影響：事件相關電位的文獻回顧。體育學報，44，1-28。
    連結：
  4. Acevedo, E. O.(Ed.),Ekkekakis, P.(Ed.)(2006).Psychobiology of physical activity.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
  5. Ashburner, J.,Friston, K. J.(2000).Voxel-based morphometry-the methods.Neuroimage,11,805-821.
  6. Banich, M. T.,Compton, R. J.(2010).Cognitive neuroscience.Belmont, CA:Wadsworth.
  7. Buchman, A. S.,Wilson, R. S.,Bennett, D. A.(2008).Total daily activity is associated with cognition in older persons.American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,16,697-701.
  8. Buckworth, J.,Dishman, R. K.(2002).Exercise psychology.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
  9. Burns, J. M.,Cronk, B. B.,Anderson, H. S.,Donnelly, J. E.,Thomas, G. P.,Harsha, A.,Swerdlow, R. H.(2008).Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease.Neurology,71,210-216.
  10. Caspersen, C. J.(1989).Physical activity epidemiology: Concepts, methods, and applications to exercise science.Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews,17,423-433.
  11. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Exploring the dose-response relationship between resistance exercise intensity and cognitive function.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,31,640-656.
  12. Chang, Y. K.,Etnier, J. L.(2009).Effects of an acute bout of localized resistance exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial study.Psychology of Sport and Exercise,10,19-24.
  13. Chang, Y. K.,Labban, J. D.,Gapin, J. I.,Etnier, J. L.(2012).The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis.Brain Research,1453,87-101.
  14. Chang, Y. K.,Pan, C. Y.,Chen, F. T.,Tsai, C. L.,Huang, C. C.(2012).Effect of resistance exercise training on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A review.Journal of Aging and Physical Activity,20,497-516.
  15. Colcombe, S. J.,Erickson, K. I.,Raz, N.,Webb, A. G.,Cohen, N. J.,McAuley, E.,Kramer, A. F.(2003).Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans.The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,58,176-180.
  16. Colcombe, S. J.,Erickson, K. I.,Scalf, P.,Kim, J.,Prakash, R.,McAuley, E.,Kramer, A.(2006).Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans.The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,61,1166-1170.
  17. Colcombe, S. J.,Kramer, A. F.(2003).Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study.Psychological Science,14,125-130.
  18. Colcombe, S. J.,Kramer, A. F.,McAuley, E.,Erickson, K. I.,Scalf, P.(2004).Neurocognitive aging and cardiovascular fitness: Recent findings and future directions.Journal of Molecular Neuroscience,24,9-14.
  19. Cotman, C. W.,Berchtold, N. C.(2002).Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity.Trends in Neurosciences,25,295-301.
  20. Cotman, C. W.,Berchtold, N. C.,Christie, L. A.(2007).Exercise builds brain health: Key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation.Trends in Neurosciences,30,464-472.
  21. Czernochowski, D.,Fabiani, M.,Friedman, D.(2008).Use it or lose it? SES mitigates age-related decline in a recency/recognition task.Neurobiology of Aging,29,945-958.
  22. Duyn, J. H.(2010).Study of brain anatomy with high-field MRI: Recent progress.Magnetic Resonance Imaging,28,1210-1215.
  23. Erickson, K. I.(2011).Augmenting brain and cognition by aerobic exercise.Foundations of Augme Cognition. Directing the Future of Adaptive Systems,6780,30-38.
  24. Erickson, K. I.,Colcombe, S. J.,Elavsky, S.,McAuley, E.,Korol, D. L.,Scalf, P. E.,Kramer, A. F.(2007).Interactive effects of fitness and hormone treatment on brain health in postmenopausal women.Neurobiology of Aging,28,179-185.
  25. Erickson, K. I.,Kramer, A. F.(2009).Aerobic exercise effects on cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults.British Journal of Sports Medicine,43,22-24.
  26. Erickson, K. I.,Prakash, R. S.,Voss, M. W.,Chaddock, L.,Hu, L.,Morris, K. S.,Kramer, A. F.(2009).Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans.Hippocampus,19,1030-1039.
  27. Erickson, K. I.,Raji, C.,Lopez, O.,Becker, J.,Rosano, C.,Newman, A.,Kuller, L.(2010).Physical activity predicts gray matter volume in late adulthood.Neurology,75,1415-1422.
  28. Erickson, K. I.,Voss, M. W.,Prakash, R. S.,Basak, C.,Szabo, A.,Chaddock, L.,White, S. M.(2011).Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108,3017-3022.
  29. Etnier, J. L.,Chang, Y. K.(2009).The effect of physical activity on executive function: A brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,31,469-483.
  30. Floel, A.,Ruscheweyh, R.,Kruger, K.,Willemer, C.,Winter, B.,Volker, K.,Knecht, S.(2010).Physical activity and memory functions: Are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link?.Neuroimage,49,2756-2763.
  31. Forbes, D.,Forbes, S.,Morgan Debra, G.,Markle-Reid, M.,Wood, J.,Culum, I.(2008).Physical activity programs for persons with dementia.Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,3
  32. Gonzalez-Segura, A.,Morales, J. M.,Gonzalez-Darder, J. M.,Cardona-Marsal, R.,Lopez-Gines, C.,Cerda-Nicolas, M.,Monleon, D.(2011).Magnetic resonance microscopy at 14 tesla and correlative histopathology of human brain tumor tissue.PloS One,6,e27442.
  33. Gordon, B. A.,Rykhlevskaia, E. I.,Brumback, C. R.,Lee, Y.,Elavsky, S.,Konopack, J. F.,Fabiani, M.(2008).Neuroanatomical correlates of aging, cardiopulmonary fitness level, and education.Psychophysiology,45,825-838.
  34. Hamer, M.,Chida, Y.(2009).Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: A systematic review of prospective evidence.Psychological Medicine,39,3-11.
  35. Herrmann, D. J.,Yoder, C.,Gruneberg, M.,Payne, D.(2006).Applied cognitive psychology: A textbook(1st ed.).Philadelphia, PA:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  36. Hillman, C. H.,Belopolsky, A.,Snook, E. M.,Kramer, A. F.,McAuley, E.(2004).Physical activity and executive control: Implications for increased cognitive health during older adulthood.Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,75,176-185.
  37. Hillman, C. H.,Castelli, D. M.,Buck, S. M.(2006).Are you fit enough to be smart.Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology,28,407-416.
  38. Hillman, C. H.,Castelli, D.,Buck, S.(2005).Aerobic fitness and neurocognitive function in healthy preadolescent children.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,37,1967-1974.
  39. Ho, A. J.,Raji, C. A.,Becker, J. T.,Lopez, O. L.,Kuller, L. H.,Hua, X.,Thompson, P. M.(2011).The effects of physical activity, education, and body mass index on the aging brain.Human Brain Mapping,32,1371-1382.
  40. Honea, R.,Thomas, G. P.,Harsha, A.,Anderson, H. S.,Donnelly, J. E.,Brooks, W. M.,Burns, J. M.(2009).Cardiorespiratory fitness and preserved medial temporal lobe volume in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders,23,188-197.
  41. Hutton, D.(2008).Older people in emergencies: Considerations for action and policy development.Geneva:World Health Organization.
  42. Jacini, W. F. S.,Cannonieri, G. C.,Fernandes, P. T.,Bonilha, L.,Cendes, F.,Li, L. M.(2009).Can exercise shape your brain? Cortical differences associated with judo practice.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,12,688-690.
  43. Kempton, M. J.,Geddes, J. R.,Ettinger, U.,Williams, S. C. R.,Grasby, P. M.(2008).Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder.Archives of General Psychiatry,65,1017.
  44. Kramer, A. F.,Colcombe, S. J.,McAuley, E.,Scalf, P. E.,Erickson, K. I.(2005).Fitness, aging and neurocognitive function.Neurobiol Aging,26,124-127.
  45. Kramer, A. F.,Erickson, K. I.(2007).Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: Influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11,342-348.
  46. Kramer, A. F.,Erickson, K. I.,Colcombe, S. J.(2006).Exercise, cognition, and the aging brain.Journal of Applied Physiology,101,1237-1242.
  47. Le Bihan, D.,Mangin, J. F.,Poupon, C.,Clark, C. A.,Pappata, S.,Molko, N.,Chabriat, H.(2001).Diffusion tensor imaging: Concepts and applications.Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,13,534-546.
  48. Lester, K.,Stepleman, L.,Hughes, M.(2007).The association of illness severity, self-reported cognitive impairment, and perceived illness management with depression and anxiety in a multiple sclerosis clinic population.Journal of Behavioral Medicine,30,177-186.
  49. Liu-Ambrose, T.,Donaldson, M. G.(2009).Exercise and cognition in older adults: Is there a role for resistance training programmes?.British Journal of Sports Medicine,43,25-27.
  50. Lopez-Lopez, C.,LeRoith, D.,Torres-Aleman, I.(2004).Insulin-like growth factor I is required for vessel remodeling in the adult brain.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,101,9833-9838.
  51. Marks, B. L.,Katz, L.,Styner, M.,Smith, J.(2010).Aerobic fitness and obesity: Relationship to cerebral white matter integrity in the brain of active and sedentary older adults.British Journal of Sports Medicine,45,1208-1215.
  52. Marks, B. L.,Madden, D. J.,Bucur, B.,Provenzale, J. M.,White, L. E.,Cabeza, R.,Huettel, S. A.(2007).Role of aerobic fitness and aging on cerebral white matter integrity.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1097,171-174.
  53. Marriott, L.,Wenk, G. L.(2004).Neurobiological consequences of long-term estrogen therapy.Current Directions in Psychological Science,13,173-176.
  54. Martinez, M.,Campion, D.,Brice, A.,Hannequin, D.,Dubois, B.,Didierjean, O.,Frebourg, T.(1998).Apolipoprotein E 4 allele and familial aggregation of Alzheimer disease.Archives of Neurology,55,810-816.
  55. McMorris, T.,Sproule, J.,Turner, A.,Hale, B. J.(2011).Acute, intermediate intensity exercise, and speed and accuracy in working memory tasks: A meta-analytical comparison of effects.Physiology and Behavior,102,421-428.
  56. Mechelli, A.,Price, C. J.,Friston, K. J.,Ashburner, J.(2005).Voxel-based morphometry of the human brain: Methods and applications.Current Medical Imaging Reviews,1,105-113.
  57. Mungas, D.,Harvey, D.,Reed, B.,Jagust, W.,DeCarli, C.,Beckett, L.,Schuff, N.(2005).Longitudinal volumetric MRI change and rate of cognitive decline.Neurology,65,565-571.
  58. Park, D. C.,Lautenschlager, G.,Hedden, T.,Davidson, N. S.,Smith, A. D.,Smith, P. K.(2002).Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span.Psychology and Aging,17,299-320.
  59. Park, D. C.,Reuter-Lorenz, P.(2009).The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding.Annual Review of Psychology,60,173-196.
  60. Podewils, L. J.,Guallar, E.,Kuller, L. H.,Fried, L. P.,Lopez, O. L.,Carlson, M.,Lyketsos, C. G.(2005).Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: Findings from the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study.American Journal of Epidemiology,161,639-651.
  61. Prakash, R. S.,Snook, E. M.,Motl, R. W.,Kramer, A. F.(2010).Aerobic fitness is associated with gray matter volume and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis.Brain Research,1341,41-51.
  62. Raz, N.,Rodrigue, K. M.(2006).Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,30,730-748.
  63. Roosendaal, S.,Geurts, J.,Vrenken, H.,Hulst, H.,Cover, K.,Castelijns, J.,Barkhof, F.(2009).Regional DTI differences in multiple sclerosis patients.Neuroimage,44,1397-1403.
  64. Ruscheweyh, R.,Willemer, C.,Kruger, K.,Duning, T.,Warnecke, T.,Sommer, J.,Knecht, S.(2009).Physical activity and memory functions: An interventional study.Neurobiology of Aging,32,1304-1319.
  65. Salthouse, T. A.(2003).Memory aging from 18 to 80.Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders,17,162-167.
  66. Salthouse, T. A.(2003).What and when of cognitive aging.Current Directions in Psychological Science,14,140-144.
  67. Schmand, B.,Huizenga, H.,Van Gool, W.(2010).Meta-analysis of CSF and MRI biomarkers for detecting preclinical Alzheimer's disease.Psychological Medicine,40,135-145.
  68. Scoville, W. B.,Milner, B.(1957).Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions.Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry,20,11.
  69. Sen, A.,Gider, P.,Cavalieri, M.,Freudenberger, P.,Farzi, A.,Schallert, M.,Schmidt, R.(2012).Association of cardiorespiratory fitness and morphological brain changes in the elderly: Results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study.Neurodegenerative Diseases,10,135-137.
  70. Sherwin, B. B.(2003).Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women.Endocrine Reviews,24,133-151.
  71. Smith, J. C.,Nielson, K. A.,Woodard, J. L.,Seidenberg, M.,Durgerian, S.,Antuono, P.,Rao, S. M.(2011).Interactive effects of physical activity and APOE-epsilon4 on BOLD semantic memory activation in healthy elders.Neuroimage,54,635-644.
  72. Smith, P. J.,Blumenthal, J. A.,Hoffman, B. M.,Cooper, H.,Strauman, T. A.,Welsh-Bohmer, K.,Sherwood, A.(2010).Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials.Psychosomatic Medicine,72,239-252.
  73. Spirduso, W. W.(1975).Reaction and movement time as a function of age and physical activity level.Journal of Gerontology,30,435-440.
  74. Spirduso, W. W.,Francis, K. L.,MacRae, P. G.(2005).Physical dimensions of aging.Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics.
  75. Szabo, A. N.,McAuley, E.,Erickson, K. I.,Voss, M.,Prakash, R. S.,Mailey, E. L.,Olson, E. A.(2011).Cardiorespiratory fitness, hippocampal volume, and frequency of forgetting in older adults.Neuropsychology,25,545-553.
  76. Theysohn, J. M.,Kraff, O.,Maderwald, S.,Schlamann, M.,de Greiff, A.,Forsting, M.,Gizewski, E.(2009).The human hippocampus at 7 T-in vivo MRI.Hippocampus,19,1-7.
  77. Thom, J. M.,Clare, L.(2011).Rationale for Combined Exercise and Cognition-Focused Interventions to Improve Functional Independence in People with Dementia.Gerontology,57,265-275.
  78. Thomas, B. P.,Welch, E. B.,Niederhauser, B. D.,Whetsell Jr, W. O.,Anderson, A. W.,Gore, J. C.,Creasy, J. L.(2008).High‐resolution 7T MRI of the human hippocampus in vivo.Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging,28,1266-1272.
  79. Van Petten, C.(2004).Relationship between hippocampal volume and memory ability in healthy individuals across the lifespan: Review and meta-analysis.Neuropsychologia,42,1394-1413.
  80. van Praag, H.(2009).Exercise and the brain: Something to chew on.Trends in Neurosciences,32,283-290.
  81. van Praag, H.(2008).Neurogenesis and exercise: Past and future directions.Neuromolecular Medicine,10,128-140.
  82. van Strien, N. M.,Widerøe, M.,van de Berg, W. D. J.,Uylings, H. B. M.(2011).Imaging hippocampal subregions with in vivo MRI: Advances and limitations.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,13,70.
  83. Vaynman, S.,Ying, Z.,Gomez-Pinilla, F.(2004).Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition.European Journal of Neuroscience,20,2580-2590.
  84. Vedrine, P.,Aubert, G.,Beaudet, F.,Belorgey, J.,Beltramelli, J.,Berriaud, C.,Gilgrass, G.(2008).The whole body 11.7 T MRI magnet for Iseult/INUMAC project.IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity,18,868-873.
  85. Videbech, P.,Ravnkilde, B.(2004).Hippocampal volume and depression: A meta-analysis of MRI studies.American Journal of Psychiatry,161,1957-1966.
  86. Vidoni, E. D.,Honea, R. A.,Billinger, S. A.,Swerdlow, R. H.,Burns, J. M..Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with atrophy in Alzheimer's and aging over 2 years.Neurobiology of Aging
  87. Voelcker‐Rehage, C.,Godde, B.,Staudinger, U. M.(2010).Physical and motor fitness are both related to cognition in old age.European Journal of Neuroscience,31,167-176.
  88. Wei, G.,Zhang, Y.,Jiang, T.,Luo, J.(2011).Increased cortical thickness in sports experts: A comparison of diving players with the controls.PloS One,6,e17112.
  89. Weinstein, A. M.,Voss, M. W.,Prakash, R. S.,Chaddock, L.,Szabo, A.,White, S. M.,Kramer, A. F.(2012).The association between aerobic fitness and executive function is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume.Brain, Behavior, and Immunity,26,811-819.
  90. Weiss, M. R.(Ed.)(2004).Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective.Morgantown, WV:Fitness Information Technology.
  91. Whitwell, J. L.(2009).Voxel-based morphometry: An automated technique for assessing structural changes in the brain.The Journal of Neuroscience,29,9661.
  92. Windischberger, C.,Gerstl, F.,Fischmeister, F. P. S.,Schöpf, V.,Kaseß, C.,Moser, E.(2010).Brain activity movie functional MRI with ultra-high temporal resolution at 7 Tesla.IFMBE Proceedings,25/4,192-194.
  93. 張育愷、洪巧菱(2010)。身體活動與認知功能：對當代統合分析之回顧。國際運動及鍛鍊心理學期刊（中文部分），8，491-511。
被引用次数
  1. Yau, Chen-Yu,Shen, Shu-Chen,Chang, Erik Chihhung張智宏(2016).Effects of aerobic training intensity on executive functions in middle-to-old age adults.體育學報,49(S),75-90.
  2. 蔡佳良、王駿濠(2017)。四肢發達頭腦卻不簡單－運動員與認知神經功能之研究回顧與展望。體育學報，50(2)，119-136。
  3. 陳俐蓉、許志宏、古博文(2016)。老年靜態行為與認知老化之文獻回顧。體育學報，49(S)，1-16。
  4. 陳秀惠,陳克豪,張簡文昇,余翌琟(2023)。十二週團體運動課程介入對身體適能之影響－以科技體適能檢測為例。興大體育學刊，22，59-71。
  5. 許育光,刑志彬(2020)。台灣運動心理學研究回顧：主題焦點與年代趨勢之社會網絡分析。中華心理學刊，62(2)，299-320。
  6. 黃植懋、陳豐慈、張育愷、王俊智(2018)。身體活動與老年大腦功能：功能性磁共振造影的研究回顧。教育心理學報，50(2)，363-388。
  7. 柯華葳(2019)。以學與教為經為緯的教育心理學。中華心理學刊，61(4)，417-438。
  8. 劉蕙翎,林儷蓉(2020)。運用桌遊為認知訓練模式以促進中高齡者之工作記憶。健康促進與衛生教育學報，52，87-117。
  9. 劉思聰、齊璘、陳豐慈、張育愷、祝堅恆、宋岱芬(2017)。肥胖、心血管適能與抑制相關執行功能之關係：事件相關電位研究。體育學報，50(1)，43-56。
  10. 齊璘、張育愷、吳治翰(2015)。以磁共振成像回顧健身運動與大腦結構之關聯。中華體育季刊，29(2)，153-160。
  11. 蘇蕙芬,陳克豪,吳佳峰,余翌琟(2020)。台灣高齡者認知功能與身體適能關係之探究。成大體育學刊，52(2)，1-26。
  12. 蕭方慈,楊高騰,陳豐慈,張育愷,林季燕,念裕祥(2021)。多面向健身運動訓練與老年人認知功能之文獻回顧。臺灣運動心理學報，21(1)，47-72。
  13. 楊高騰,粘瑞狄,陳豐慈,張育愷,吳治翰(2020)。急性健身運動與認知功能：國際歷史與臺灣研究發展。中華心理學刊，62(2)，195-216。
  14. 楊高騰、陳豐慈、張育愷、祝堅恆(2015)。孩童心肺適能、認知功能與大腦之關聯：以核磁共振造影研究進行回顧。臺灣運動心理學報，15(2)，149-168。
  15. 詹貴惠,馮勝賢,陳豐慈,張育愷,高士竣,吳聰義(2019)。新觀點：健身運動與營養補充劑對認知老化之影響。體育學報，52(S)，1-15。
print cancel