家庭分化與家庭暴力經驗對愛情依戀的預測

Prediction of Romantic Attachment from Family Differentiation and Family Violence

10.6251/BEP.20130628

孫頌賢(Sung-Hsien Sun)

家庭分化 ； 家庭暴力 ； 愛情依戀 ； family differentiation ； family violence ； romantic attachment

教育心理學報

45卷3期（2014 / 03 / 01）

349 - 366

繁體中文

本研究目的在探討愛情關係中的依戀反應與過去家庭情緒經驗的關聯，而本研究所指的而家庭經驗包括家庭分化與家庭暴力等兩類經驗，家庭分化又分成父子間、母子間與知覺父母間的情感共振與干涉侵犯，家庭暴力包括父子間、母子間與知覺父母間暴力；採多元階層逐步迴歸分析，探討這些家庭情緒經驗對愛情關係中焦慮與逃避依戀向度的活化反應之預測，同時也比較性別差異。有效研究樣本共計480人，其中男性168人、女性312人，皆為正在某段戀情關係中的大學生。研究結果發現：1.整體而言，愛情中焦慮依戀反應最能被親子暴力預測，但僅具有低度預測力，並具有性別差異。2.整體而言，愛情中逃避依戀反應最能被知覺父母間情感共振所預測。3.對男性而言，知覺父母間情感共振最能預測其愛情中的逃避依戀反應，並具有中低度的預測力。整體而言，親子間暴力經驗愈少，個體在愛情關係中的焦慮依戀反應可能愈少，而知覺父母間情感連結愈多，個體的逃避依戀反應可能也愈少。最後進行討論與探討研究限制。

This research study explores the association between attachment in a romantic relationship and past familial emotional experiences. Familial emotional experiences included family differentiation and family violence; and family differentiation included the experience of affective involvement and intrusiveness. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was adopted. In addition, the different relationships between father and son, mother and son, and perceived parents were explored separately, and gender differences were also compared through regression analysis. The research sample included 480 participants (168 males and 312 females) who were in a relationship at that time. The research results yielded three conclusions: (1) overall, offspring-parent violence best predicted anxiety attachment in a romantic relationship, however the predictive power was low and varied by gender; (2) in general, perceived parents affective involvement best predicted avoidance attachment in a relationship; (3) for men, affective involvement on the part of perceived parents best predicted avoidance attachment in a relationship with low to medium levels of predictive power. Generally speaking, the fewer violent experiences in an offspring-parent relationship, the less anxiety attachment an individual would likely experience in a romantic relationship. Also, the more emotional connections between perceived parents, the less avoidance attachment an individual would likely have. In closing, the paper included additional discussions and addressed research limitations.

1. 孫頌賢、李宜玫(2011)。約會伴侶的愛情動機導向與愛情依戀系統之關聯性研究。家庭教育與諮商學刊，10，95-110。
   連結：
2. 孫頌賢、修慧蘭(2002)。以家庭系統觀進行家庭系統測量之研究─以家庭系統分化為例。中華輔導學報，11，125-165。
   連結：
3. 徐儷瑜、許文耀(2008)。父母衝突下兒童情緒反應之探討：社會學習理論與情緒安全感假說之比較。中華心理衛生學刊，21(2)，111-138。
   連結：
4. 陳惠雯、林世華、吳麗娟(2001)。婚姻衝突、家庭界限與青少年子女適應之相關研究。教育心理學報，32(2)，143-165。
   連結：
5. Anderson, S. A.,Sabatelli, R. M.(1992).The differentiation in the family system scale (DIFS).The American Journal of Family Therapy,20,77-89.
6. Ayoub, C. C.,Fischer, K. W.,O'Connor, E. E.(2003).Analyzing development of working models for disrupted attachments: The case of hidden family violence.Attachment & Human Development,5(2),97-119.
7. Bandura, A.(1977).Social learning theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
8. Bartle-Haring, S.(1997).The relationships among parent-adolescent differentiation, sex role orientation and identity development in late adolescence and early adulthood.Journal of Adolescence,20(5),553-565.
9. Bomar, J. A.,Sabatelli, R. M.(1996).Family system dynamics, gender, and psychosocial maturity in late adolescence.Journal of Adolescent Research,11(4),421-439.
10. Bowen, M.(1978).Family therapy in clinical practice.Northvale, NJ:Jason Aronson.
11. Bowlby, J.(1988).A secure base: Parent-children attachment and healthy human development.New York, NY:Basic Books.
12. Bowlby, J.(1973).Attachment and loss.New York, NY:Basic Books.
13. Bowlby, J.(1980).Attachment and loss.New York, NY:Basic Books.
14. Bowlby, J.(1969).Attachment and loss.New York, NY:Basic Books.
15. Chapple, C. L.(2003).Examining intergenerational violence: Violent role modeling or weak parental controls?.Violence and Victims,18(2),143-162.
16. Charles, M.,Frank, S. J.,Jacobson, S.,Grossman, G.(2001).Repetition of the remembered past: Patterns of separation-individuation in two generations of mothers and daughters.Psychoanalytic Psychology,18(4),705-728.
17. Collins, N. L.,Read, S. J.(1990).Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couple.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,58,644-663.
18. Cummings, E. M.,Davies, P. T.(1994).Children and marital conflict: The impact of family dispute and resolution.New York, NY:Guilford Press.
19. Ducharme, L.,Doyle, A. B.,Markiewicz, D.(2002).Attachment security with mother and father: Associations with adolescents' reports of interpersonal behavior with parents and peers.Journal of Social and Personal relationships,19,203-231.
20. Ellis, B. J.,Bates, J. E.,Dodge, K. A.,Fergusson, D. M.,Horwood, J. L.,Pettit, G. S.,Woodward, L.(2003).Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?.Child Development,74(3),801-821.
21. Feeney, J. A.(2002).Attachment, marital interaction, and relationship satisfaction: A diary study.Personal Relationships,9,39-55.
22. Feinberg, M. E.(2003).The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention.Parenting: Science and Practice,3,95-131.
23. Flouri, E.,Buchanan, A.(2003).The role of father involvement in children's later mental health.Journal of Adolescence,26(1),63-78.
24. Fraley, R. C.,Shaver, P. R.(2000).Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions.Review of General Psychology,4,132-154.
25. Green, R.,Werner, P. D.(1996).Intrusiveness and closeness-caregiving: Rethinking the concept of family "enmeshment".Family Process,35(2),115-136.
26. Guentherman, K. K.,Hampton, B. R.(1992).Correlates of divorce on female differentiation from family of origin in early adulthood.Family Therapy,9,205-214.
27. Hazan, C.,Shaver, P. R.(1994).Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships.Psychological Inquiry,5(1),1-22.
28. Jackson, N. A.(1996).Observational experiences of intrapersonal conflict and teenage victimization: A comparative study among spouse and cohabitors.Journal of Family Violence,11,371-392.
29. Johnson, S. M.(Ed.),Whiffen, V. E.(Ed.)(2003).Attachment processes in couple and family therapy.New York, NY:The Guilford Press.
30. Kaslow, F. W.(Ed.)(1996).Handbook of relational diagnosis and dysfunctional family patterns.New York, NY:John Wiley & Sons.
31. Kwong, M. J.,Bartholomew, K.,Henderson, A. J. Z.,Trinke, S. J.(2003).The intergenerational transmission of relationship violence.Journal of Family Psychology,17,288-301.
32. Lapsley, D. K.,Edgerton, J.(2002).Separation-individuation, adult attachment style, and college adjustment.Journal of Counseling and Development,80(4),484-492.
33. Lawson, D. M.(2008).Attachment, interpersonal problems, and family of origin functioning: Differences between partner violent and nonpartner violent men.Psychology of Men and Masculinity,9(2),90-105.
34. Lopez, F. G.,Gover, M. R.(1993).Self-report measures of parent-adolescent attachment and separation-individuation: A selective Review.Journal of Counseling and Development,71,560-569.
35. Markus, H.,Kitayama, S.(1991).Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.Psychological Review,98,224-253.
36. Mayseless, O.(1991).Adult attachment patterns and courtship violence.Family Relations,40,21-28.
37. McHale, J. P.(Ed.),Grolnick, W. S.(Ed.)(2002).Retrospect and prospect in the psychological study of family.New Jersey, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
38. Mikulincer, M.,Shaver, P. R.(2007).Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change.New York, NY:The Guilford.
39. Oderberg, N. S.(1995).Boulder, CO,University of Colorado.
40. Pierce, G. R.(Ed.),Sarason, B. R.(Ed.),Sarason, I. G.(Ed.)(1996).Handbook of social support and the family.New York, NY:Plenum.
41. Pincus, A. L.,Dickinson, K. A.,Schut, A. J.,Castonguay, L. G.,Bedics, J.(1999).Integrating interpersonal assessment and adult attachment using SASB.European Journal of Psychological Assessment,15(3),206-220.
42. Pinsof, W. M.(1992).Toward a scientific paradigm for family psychology: The integrative process systems perspective.Journal of Family Psychology,5,432-447.
43. Platt, R. A. L.,Nalbone, D. P.,Casanova, G. M.,Wetchler, J. L.(2008).Parental conflict and infidelity as predictors of adult children's attachment style and infidelity.The American Journal of Family Therapy,36,149-161.
44. Sabatelli, R. M.,Anderson, S.(1991).Family system dynamics, peer relationships, and adolescents' psychological adjustment.Family Relations,40(4),363-369.
45. Simpson, J. A.(Ed.),Rholes, W. S.(Ed.)(1998).Attachment theory and close relationship.New York, NY:The Guilford Press.
46. Stackert, R. A.,Bursik, K.(2003).Why am I unsatisfied? Adult attachment style, gendered irrational relationship beliefs, and young adult romantic relationship satisfaction.Personality and Individual Differences,34,1419-1429.
47. Straus, M. A.,Gelles, R. J.,Steinmetz, S. K.(1980).Behind close doors: Violence in the American family.Garden City, NY:Anchor Press/Doubleday.
48. Straus, M. A.,Hamby, S. L.,Boney-McCoy, S.,Sugarman, D. B.(1996).The Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2).Journal of Family Issues,17,283-316.
49. Twaite, J. A.,Rodriguez-Srednicki, O.(2004).Childhood sexual and physical abuse and adult vulnerability to PTSD: The mediating effects of attachment and dissociation.Journal of Child Sexual Abuse,13(1),17-38.
50. Wood, B.(1985).Proximity and hierarchy: Orthogonal dimensions of family interconnectedness.Family Process,24,487-507.
51. 王大維(1996)。Chunghua, Taiwan，國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系研究所=Graduate Institute of Guidance and Counseling, National Chunghua University of Education。
52. 王慶福(2000)。當男孩愛上女孩：人際依附風格類型搭配、愛情關係與關係適應之研究。中華輔導學報，8，117-201。
53. 林佳玲(2000)。Taipei, Taiwan，國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所=Graduate Institute of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal University。
54. 修慧蘭(2002)。國科會專題研究計畫成果報告國科會專題研究計畫成果報告,未出版
55. 修慧蘭、孫頌賢(2003)。大學生約會暴力行為之測量與調查。教育與心理研究，26，471-499。
56. 孫頌賢(2001)。Taipei, Taiwan，國立政治大學教育研究所=Graduate Institute of Education, National Chengchi University。
57. 孫頌賢(2007)。Taipei, Taiwan，國立政治大學心理學系研究所=Graduate Institute of Psychology, National Chengchi University。
58. 孫頌賢、修慧蘭(2005)。親子肢體暴力與大學生約會暴力行為之關係─尋找代間傳遞中的危機與轉機。教育與心理研究，28，267-296。
59. 葉光輝、林延叡、王維敏、林倩如(2006)。父女關係與渴望父愛情結。教育與心理研究，29(1)，93-119。
60. 蔡秀玲、吳麗娟(1998)。不同性別大學生的依附關係、個體化與適應之關係。教育心理學報，30(1)，73-90。

1. 蔡美香,孫頌賢,施香如(2019)。家庭關係中親密與自主的平衡。中華輔導與諮商學報，56，1-15。
2. 簡美華、林宥妡(2018)。兒時身體不當對待與成年女性之親密關係發展探究。亞洲家庭暴力與性侵害期刊，14(1)，31-73。
3. 孫頌賢(2019)。愛情練習曲：未婚伴侶在情緒取向伴侶諮商的經驗研究。應用心理研究，71，137-181。
4. 吳東彥(2019)。身體受虐兒議題的文獻回顧與反思。輔導季刊，55(2)，1-10。
5. 吳奕威(2021)。Bowen家族治療－焦慮傳遞與自我分化對個人適應影響與輔導策略之探討。諮商與輔導，421，25-28+24。