Clusters of Humor Expression and Related Factors among Junior High School Students in Taiwan

台灣地區國中生的幽默表現集群及相關因素探討

10.6251/BEP.20140401

江宜珍(Yi-Chen Chiang)；盛慧珊(Hui-Shan Sheng)；吳文琪(Wen-Chi Wu)；李蘭(Yen Lan Lee)

台灣 ； 青少年 ； 幽默表現 ； 集群 ； adolescent ； cluster ； humor expression ； Taiwan

教育心理學報

46卷2期（2014 / 12 / 01）

289 - 309

英文

目的欲瞭解台灣青少年幽默表現方式所形成的集群及相關因素。利用2007年收集之全國性資料進行分析。先自台灣北、中、南、東四區各隨機抽出一國中，於七至九年級各隨機抽出一個班；被抽中班級的全體學生均接受問卷調查（1,639人）。根據樣本之幽默表現方式執行集群分析，再以多類別邏輯斯迴歸模式探討與此集群相關的因素。結果發現樣本可分為四個集群，根據各群特色命名為廣用各類幽默方式群（16.1%）、愛用貶低式幽默方式群（26.7%）、機智風趣不傷人群（22.4%）、正經嚴肅群（34.9%）。以正經嚴肅群為對照組進行多類別邏輯斯迴歸模式分析後發現，部分個人因素（年級、排行、學業表現、自覺壓力、過敏疾病）及家庭因素（母親教育程度、父母婚姻狀況、家庭收入）與幽默表現集群有關。本研究發現分屬於各種幽默表現集群的青少年，可能與不同的因素有關。建議提早於國中時期調查青少年的幽默表現方式，並協助其建立以正向方式表現幽默，而減少使用負向的幽默表現方式。此結果可作為後續設計教育方案或介入活動之參考，即可針對不同幽默表現集群的青少年講授適切的課程內容。

Little research has examined the aggregation of humor expression among adolescents. The purposes of this study were to understand the natural clusters of types of humor expression among youth in Taiwan and to discover any related background factors that may shape these aggregations of humor styles. A nationwide survey was conducted of 1,639 students in the seventh to ninth grades. Participating junior high schools were randomly selected in Taiwan. Cluster analysis was used to explore types of humor expression. Multinomial logistic regression modeling was used to examine factors related to types of humor expression. The sample was divided into four clusters based on humor expression and personality: (a) frequent use of various humor types (16.1%); (b) used of deprecating humor group (26.7%); (c) non-hurtful witty group (22.4%); and (d) serious or austere (or rarely use of humor) group (34.9%). Individual (e.g., grade, birth order, academic performance, perceived stress and allergy-related problems) and family factors (e.g., mother's education, parent's marital status and family income) were related to clusters of humor expression. Our study discovered that different aggregations of humor expressions exist among youth and that significant associations exist between different background factors and the natural clusters. Based on our study results, we recommend early contact with junior high school students to help establish positive ways that they can express their humor during this crucial period of time. Such insights may very well lead to educational programs or coursework that can enhance students' understanding of the proper use of humor and its overall role in society.

1. Chan, Y. C.,Chen, H. C.,Cho, S. L.,Martin, R. A.(2011).Development of a traditional Chinese version of the humor styles questionnaire.Psychological Testing,Special Issue,207-234.
   連結：
2. Chen, S. J.,Chen, H. C.(2005).Development of the multidimensional sense of humor scale.Research in Applied Psychology,26,167-187.
   連結：
3. Chiang, Y. C.,Yen, L. L.,Wu, W. C.,Chiu, Y. C.,Cheng, C. C.,Sheng, H. S.(2011).Development and Compilation of Taiwan Adolescent Humor Instruments (TAHI).Psychological Testing,Special Issue,179-205.
   連結：
4. Ho, M. J.,Lin, S. H.(2000).The moderating effect of sense of humor to life stress and physical-mental health for junior high school students.Bulletin of Educational Psychology,32(1),123-156.
   連結：
5. Wang, C. K.,Lo, K. Y.(2008).Cognitive representation of emotional intelligence: Similarity and difference between genders and cohorts.Research in Applied Psychology,39,215-251.
   連結：
6. Yen, L. L.,Chiang, Y. C.,Chiu, Y. C.,Cheng, C. C.,Wu, W. C.,Yang, H. J.(2008).The concept of humor and performance patterns among junior high school students: Results of focus group discussions.Taiwan Journal of Public Health,27(6),519-529.
   連結：
7. Abel, M. H.(2002).Humor, stress, and coping strategies.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,15(4),365-381.
8. Boyle, G. J.,Joss-Reid, J. M.(2004).Relationship of humour to health: A psychometric investigation.British Journal of Health Psychology,9(1),51-66.
9. Bressler, E. R.,Balshine, S.(2006).The influence of humor on desirability.Evolution and Human Behavior,27(1),29-39.
10. Carroll, J. L.,Shmidt, J. L., JR.(1992).Correlation between humorous coping style and health.Psychological Reports,70(2),402.
11. Chapman, A. J.,Speck, L. J.(1977).Humorous laughter and relief of anxiety in first-born children.Journal of Individual Psychology,33(1),37-41.
12. Chen, F. L.,Yen, L. L.(2001).The aggregate patterns of health behaviors among different age groups in Taiwan.Public Health Quarterly,28(1),37-47.
13. Dillon, K. M.,Minchoff, B.,Baker, K. H.(1985).Positive emotional states and enhancement of the immune system.The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine,15(1),13-18.
14. Dyck, K. T. H.,Holtzman, S.(2013).Understanding humor styles and well-being: The importance of social relationships and gender.Personality and Individual Differences,55(1),53-58.
15. Fern, T. L.(1991).Identifying the gifted child humorist.Roeper Review,14(1),30-34.
16. Fisher, S.,Fisher, R. L.(1981).Pretend the world is funny and forever: A psychological analysis of comedians, clowns, and actors.Hillsdale, NJ:L. Erlbaum Associates.
17. Freud, S.(1960).Jokes and their relation to the unconscious.London, England:Routledge & Kegan Paul.
18. Fry, P. S.(1995).Perfectionism, humor, and optimism as moderators of health outcomes and determinants of coping styles of women executives.Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs,121(2),211-245.
19. Führ, M.(2001).Some aspects of form and function of humor in adolescence.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,14(1),25-36.
20. Führ, M.(2002).Coping humor in early adolescence.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,15(3),283-304.
21. Galloway, G.(2010).Individual differences in personal humor styles: Identification of prominent patterns and their associates.Personality and Individual Differences,48(5),563-567.
22. Kuiper, N. A.,Grimshaw, M.,Leite, C.,Kirsh, G.(2004).Humor is not always the best medicine: Specific components of sense of humor and psychological well-being.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,17(1/2),135-168.
23. Kuiper, N. A.,Martin, R. A.(1993).Humor and self-concept.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,6(3),251-270.
24. Kuiper, N. A.,Martin, R. A.,Olinger, L. J.(1993).Coping humour, stress, and cognitive appraisals.Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science,25(1),81-96.
25. Kuiper, N. A.,Nicholl, S.(2004).Thoughts of feeling better? Sense of humor and physical health.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,17(1/2),37-66.
26. Lopez, S. J.(Ed.),Snyder, C. R.(Ed.)(2003).Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
27. Martin, R. A.(2001).Humor, laughter, and physical health: Methodological issues and research findings.Psychological bulletin,127(4),504-519.
28. Martin, R. A.,Lefcourt, H. M.(1983).Sense of humor as a moderator of the relation between stressors and moods.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,45(6),1313-1324.
29. Martin, R. A.,Lefcourt, H. M.(1984).Situational humor response questionnaire: Quantitative measure of sense of humor.Journal of personality and social psychology,47(1),145-155.
30. Martin, R. A.,Puhlik-Doris, P.,Larsen, G.,Gray, J.,Weir, K.(2003).Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire.Journal of research in personality,37(1),48-75.
31. Masten, A. S.(1986).Humor and competence in school-aged children.Child development,57(2),461-473.
32. McGhee, P. E.(1979).Humor, its origin and development.San Francisco, CA:W. H. Freeman.
33. Newby, P. K.,Tucker, K. L.(2004).Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis: A review.Nutrition reviews,62(5),177-203.
34. Nezlek, J. B.,Derks, P.(2001).Use of humor as a coping mechanism, psychological adjustment, and social interaction.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,14(4),395-413.
35. Podsakoff, P. M.,MacKenzie, S. B.,Lee, J. Y.,Podsakoff, N. P.(2003).Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies.Journal of applied psychology,88(5),879-903.
36. Prasinos, S.,Tittler, B. I.(1981).The family relationships of humor­oriented adolescents.Journal of Personality,49(3),295-304.
37. Ruch, W.(1996).Measurement approaches to the sense of humor: Introduction and overview.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,9(3/4),239-250.
38. Ruch, W.(Ed.)(1998).The sense of humor: Explorations of a personality characteristic.New York, NY:Mouton de Gruyter.
39. Storch, E. A.,Bravata, E. A.,Storch, J. B.,Johnson, J. H.,Roth, D. A.,Roberti, J. W.(2003).Psychosocial adjustment in early adulthood: The role of childhood teasing and father support.Child Study Journal,33(3),153-163.
40. Svebak, S.(1996).The development of the Sense of Humor Questionnaire: From SHQ to SHQ-6.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,9(3/4),341-361.
41. Svebak, S.,Götestam, K. G.,Jensen, E. N.(2004).The significance of sense of humor, life regard, and stressors for bodily complaints among high school students.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,17(1/2),67-83.
42. Thorson, J. A.,Powell, F. C.(1993).Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale.Journal of Clinical Psychology,49(1),13-23.
43. Yen, L. L.,Chiu, C. J.,Wu, W. C.,Pan, L. Y.(2006).Aggregation of health behaviors among fourth graders in northern Taiwan.Journal of adolescent health,39(3),435-442.
44. Yen, L. L.,Chiu, Y. C.,Cheng, C. C.,Chiang, Y. C.,Chang, Y. M.,Yang, H. J.,Sheng, H. S.(2007).,Taiwan:National Science Council.
45. Yen, L. L.,Liu, J. X.,Yen, H. W.(1987).The association of perceived health status, life style and psychosomatic symptoms among seventh graders.Public Health Quarterly,13(4),482-492.
46. Yue, X. D.(2010).Exploration of Chinese humor: Historical review, empirical findings, and critical reflection.Humor: International Journal of Humor Research,23(3),403-420.

1. Yu-Jung Lin(林妤容);Xian Li(李賢);Chun-Yang Lee(李均揚);Wen-Chi Wu(吳文琪);Hao-Jan Yang(楊浩然);Yi-Chen Chiang(江宜珍)(2022)。Interaction Effects between Social Network Indicators (In/Out-Degree Centrality) and Humor Expression in the Adolescent Experience of Being Bullied。中華心理衛生學刊。35(4)。347-379。