成人生涯召喚量表之編製及其信效度分析

Development and Validation of a Career Calling Scale for Working Adults in Taiwan

10.6251/BEP.20160905

王玉珍(Yu-Chen Wang)；吳清麟(Qing-Lin Wu)

生涯召喚 ； 成人工作者 ； 量表發展 ； Career calling ； Scale development ； Working adults

教育心理學報

49卷1期（2017 / 09 / 01）

1 - 21

繁體中文

本研究旨在編製成人生涯召喚量表並進行信效度分析。量表發展分三階段，第一階段，以30 位20 歲以上之成人工作者為對象，透過焦點團體訪談蒐集生涯召喚相關經驗，以質性紮根方法進行分析，所得結果作為編製量表題目之基礎。第二階段，先進行專家效度檢核，接著進行預試分析，確立正式題目。所建構之量表包含興趣熱情、存在意義、助人利他與超越召喚等四部份，共計20題，以4 點量表方式填答，分數愈高表示該部分之生涯召喚程度愈明顯。第三階段，以548 位成人工作者為對象，年齡介於16 至58 歲（M = 35.59，SD = 11.48），進行正式量表之信效度驗證。四個分量表之內部一致性介於 .87 至 .92，總量表為 .97。社會服務與管理政治領域之工作者在各分量表的傾向顯著高於事務領域，各分量表與工作滿意度、自我效能具有正相關、與工作壓力呈現負相關，以及透過驗證性因素分析結果，顯示本量表具有不錯的建構效度及效標關聯效度。最後根據結果進行討論，並提出未來研究及實務應用的建議。

This study developed a career calling scale for working adults in Taiwan. In the first stage, the participants were 30 working adults over the age of 20. Focus group interviews were conducted to collect the data, that the author used to establish the scale as a pilot scale. In the second stage, three experts were invited to assess content validity. Then, a pre-test of the pilot scale was conducted to obtain 151 questionnaires, and the data was analyzed and selected under item analysis and factor analysis methods to establish a formal scale. The Career Calling Scale (CCS) contains 20 items rated on a 4-point scale and consists of four subscales: Interests and Passions, Life Meaning, Altruism, and Transcendent Summons. Higher scores people in each subscale show strong inclination toward that aspect. In the third stage, the participants were 548 working adults between the ages of 16 and 58 (M = 35.59, SD = 11.48). Reliability analysis indicated that the internal consistency of the four subscales was between .87 and .92, and the internal consistency of the whole scale was .97. The comparison of background variables showed that the scores for each subscale for social workers and enterprising workers were significantly higher than the scores for realistic workers. Using Job Satisfaction, Self-Efficacy, and Work Stress as criteria, the test showed high criterion-related validity. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed a good model fit, which supported good construct validity. At the end, a discussion based on the results and suggestions for practice and future studies are provided.

1. 田秀蘭、郭乃文(2002)。成人生涯認知量表之發展及其效度研究。測驗年刊，49(1)，19-38。
   連結：
2. 吳佳煇、林以正(2005)。中庸思維量表的編製。本土心理學研究，24，247-300。
   連結：
3. 林瑋芳、鄧傳忠、林以正、黃金蘭(2013)。進退有據：中庸對拿捏行為與心理適應關連性的調節效果。本土心理學研究，40，45-84。
   連結：
4. Aten, J.(Ed.),McMinn, M. R.(Ed.),Worthinhton, E. V.(Ed.)(2011).Spiritually oriented interventions for counseling and psychotherapy.Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
5. Bacchus, D. N. A.(2008).Coping with work-related stress: A study of the use of coping resources among professional black women.Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Word,17,60-81.
6. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Academic of Marketing Science,16(1),76-94.
7. Bandura, A.(1986).Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
8. Bandura, A.(1997).Self-efficacy: The exercise of control.New York, NY:Freeman.
9. Betz, N. E.,Luzzo, D. A.(1996).Career assessment and the career decision-making self-efficacy scale.Journal of Career Assessment,4(4),413-428.
10. Bloch, D. P.(2004).Spirituality, complexity, and career counseling.Professional School Counseling,7,343-350.
11. Bloch, D. P.(2008).Complexity, connections, and soul-work.Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice,11(4),543-554.
12. Bloch, D. P.,Richmond, L. J.(1998).Soul work: Finding the work you love, loving the work you have.Palo Alto, CA:Davies-Black.
13. Brown, S. D.(Ed.),Lent, R. W.(Ed.)(2005).Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work.Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.
14. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1990).Flow: The psychology of optimal experience.New York, NY:Harper Collins.
15. Damon, W.,Menon, J.,Bronk, C. K.(2003).The development of purpose during adolescence.Applied Developmental Science,7,119-128.
16. Dik, B. J.,Duffy, R. D.(2009).Calling and vocation at work: Definitions and prospects for research and practice.The Counseling Psychologist,37,424-250.
17. Dik, B. J.,Duffy, R. D.(2012).Make your job a calling: How the psychology of vocation can change your life at work.Philadelphia, PA:Templeton Press.
18. Dobrow, S. R.(2012).Dynamics of calling: A longitudinal study of musicians.Journal of Organizational Behavior
19. Domene, J. F.(2012).Calling and career outcome expectations: The mediating role of self-efficacy.Journal of Career Assessment,20,239-241.
20. Duffy, R. D.,Autin, K. L.,Allan, B. A.,Douglass, R. P.(2015).Assessing work as a calling: An evaluation of instruments and practice recommendations.Journal of Career Assessment,23(3),351-366.
21. Duffy, R. D.,Blustein, D. L.(2005).The relationship between spirituality, religiousness, and career adaptability.Journal of Vocational Behavior,67,429-440.
22. Duffy, R. D.,Dik, B. J.,Steger, M. F.(2011).Calling and work-related outcomes: Career commitment as a mediator.Journal of Vocational Behavior,78,210-218.
23. Duffy, R. D.,Sedlacek, W. E.(2010).The salience of a career calling among college students: Exploring group differences and links to religiousness, life meaning, and life satisfaction.The Carrer Development Quarterly,59(1),27-41.
24. Elangovan, A. R.,McLean, M.,Pinder, C. C.(2010).Callings and organizational behavior.Journal of Vocational Behavior,76(3),428-440.
25. Flores, L. Y.,O'Brien, K. M.(2002).The career development of Mexican American adolescent women: A test of social cognitive career theory.Journal of Counseling Psychology,49(1),14-27.
26. Frankl, V.(1978).The unheard cry for meaning.New York, NY:Simon & Schuster (Touchstone).
27. Hagmaier, T.,Abele, A. E.(2012).The multidimensionality of calling: Conceptualization, measurement and a bicultural perspective.Journal of Vocational Behavior,81,39-51.
28. Hall, D. T.,Chandler, D. E.(2005).Psychological success: When the career is a calling.Journal of Organizational Behavior,26,155-176.
29. Hill, P. C.(Ed.),Dik, B. J.(Ed.)(2011).The psychology of religion and workplace spirituality.Charlotte, NC:Information Age Publishing.
30. Hill, P. C.(Ed.),Dik, B. J.(Ed.)(2012).The psychology of religion and workplace spirituality.Charlotte, NC:Information Age.
31. Hirschi, A.(2011).Callings in career: A typological approach to essential and optional components.Journal of Vocational Behavior,79,60-73.
32. Hirschi, A.(2012).Callings and work engagement: Moderated mediation model of work meaningfulness, occupational identity, and occupational self-efficacy.Journal of Counseling Psychology,59(3),479-485.
33. Hirschi, A.,Herrmann, A.(2012).Vocational identity achievement as a mediator of presence of calling and life satisfaction.Journal of Career Assessment,20(3),309-321.
34. Holland, J. L.(1985).Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work environments.Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
35. Hunter, I.,Dik, B. J.,Banning, J. H.(2010).College students' perceptions of calling in work and life: A qualitative analysis.Journal of Vocational Behavior,76,178-186.
36. Lent, R. W.,Brown, S. D.,Hackett, G.(1994).Toward a unified social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance.Journal of Vocational Behavior,45,79-122.
37. Murphy, K. R.,Davidshofer, C. O.(2005).Psychological testing.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Person Prentice Hall.
38. Peter, A.,Creed, M. E.,Rogers, Praskova, A.,Searle, J.(2014).Career calling as a personal resource moderator between environmental demands and burnout in Australian junior doctors.Journal of Career Development,41(6),547-561.
39. Praskova, A.,Creed, P. A.,Hood, M.(2015).The development and initial validation of a Career Calling Scale for emerging adults.Journal of Career Assessment,23(1),91-106.
40. Steger, M. F.,Frazier, P.,Oishi, S.,Kaler, M.(2006).The meaning in Life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life.Journal of Counseling Psychology,53,80-93.
41. Strauss, A.,Corbin, J.(1998).Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
42. Yang, J.、Milliren, A.、Blagen, M.、蒙光俊譯、簡君倫譯、郭明仁譯(2010)。勇氣心理學：阿德勒觀點的健康社會生活。台北:張老師文化。
43. 田秀蘭(2000)。紮根理論在諮商心理學研究中的應用。輔導季刊，36(4)，35-40。
44. 田秀蘭(2006)。行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告,Taipei, Taiwan:行政院國家科學委員會=National Science Council。
45. 朱明謙(2001)。Kaoshiung, Taiwan，義守大學管理科學研究所=I-Shou University。
46. 林以正(2014)。外柔內剛的中庸之道：實踐具自主性的折衷原則。中國社會心理學評論，7，221-235。
47. 金樹人(2011)。生涯諮商與輔導。台北=Taipei, Taiwan:東華書局=Don-Hwa Publication。
48. 劉淑慧(2000)。人生哲學─從華人先哲的論述來看生涯觀。輔導季刊，36(4)，1-11。
49. 蔣欣欣、陳美碧、蘇逸玲(2006)。照顧SARS 病人的倫理與專業困境。護理雜誌，53(5)，28-34。

1. 龔蕾,金樹人,田秀蘭(2023)。疫情期間成人生涯召喚、生涯混沌知覺、未來工作自我與生涯調適力之關聯性。教育心理學報，54(4)，759-784。
2. 洪瑞謙,林怡君(2022)。生涯諮商典範轉移新趨勢對生涯轉換的啟發。輔導季刊，58(1)，31-44。
3. 胡珈華(2021)。當西方諮商與現代華人文化碰撞時。輔導季刊，57(4)，1-10。
4. 劉淑慧、孫頌賢、夏允中、王智弘(2018)。靈性與安身立命：從四大存有問題建構貫串靈性與生涯的本土化理論。中華輔導與諮商學報，51，1-26。
5. 劉曉芬,陳清梅(2020)。矢志為師－師資生靈性取向生涯召喚之探究。師資培育與教師專業發展期刊，13(1)，1-26。
6. 王玉珍(2018)。優勢中心生涯諮商與生涯召喚之諮商效果與影響經驗探究。中華輔導與諮商學報，52，19-50。
7. 吳盈瑩(2023)。國小主任之生涯召喚的感知及實踐經驗。學校行政，146，160-188。
8. 楊順翔,陳坤虎(2023)。邁向成人期生涯決策自我效能、積極因應與生涯召喚之關係－認同探索型態調節效果之探討。教育心理學報，54(4)，863-889。