题名

望子成龍女成鳳？教養信念在社經地位與家庭學習環境間的中介效果

并列篇名

Parents' High Expectations of Children to Become Successful? The Parenting Belief Mediating Effect between Socioeconomic Status and Home Learning Environment

DOI

10.6251/BEP.202012_52(2).0006

作者

陳美姿(Mei-Tzu Chen)；周麗端(Li-Tuan Chou)

关键词

家庭學習環境 ； 教養信念 ； 華人教養 ； home learning environment ； parenting belief ； chinese cultural parenting

期刊名称

教育心理學報

卷期/出版年月

52卷2期（2020 / 12 / 01）

页次

365 - 388

内容语文

繁體中文
中文摘要

本研究旨在探討臺灣社會在傳統華人文化及西方思想涵融下，幼兒父母的教養信念，及實際提供的家庭學習環境之情形。本研究主要目的有三，其一為瞭解父母的教養信念及實際所提供的家庭學習環境，其二為社經地位與教養信念及家庭學習環境之關係。其三為教養信念在社經地位與家庭學習環境中介之效果。研究樣本取自張鑑如（2019）幼兒發展調查資料庫建置計畫：36月齡組第一波【原始數據】，102年4月1日至103年3月31日出生嬰兒之父或母共2,099人。資料分析採SAS9.4進行變項與量表中間值檢定，以及變項之間的相關分析；並以Mplus8.0統計軟體結構方程模式（SEM）分析教養信念中介於社經地位與家庭學習環境間之效果。研究結果顯示（1）教養信念及家庭學習環境各構面均與量表中間值有顯著差異；（2）社經地位與「教」未達顯著相關外，與教養信念及家庭學習環境各構面皆達顯著相關；（3）教養信念之「管」及「成就期待」中介於社經地位與學習材料、父母回應及條件式管教。本研究發現臺灣幼兒的父母對子女提供良好的家庭學習環境，但不再持有強烈的望子成龍女成鳳的觀念。教養信念之「管」及「成就期待」中介於社經地位及家庭學習環境，社經地位愈高的父母，「管」及「成就期待」愈傾向不嚴格，愈能提供較佳的學習材料、父母回應，以及較低的條件式管教。
英文摘要

Family is the first environment in which individuals come into contact with the process of socialization; said process is a crucial part of children's lives and considerably influences them thereafter. Different parenting beliefs lead to parents exhibiting different parenting values and hence offering different learning environments for their children; this in turn can influence their parenting behavior. This study discussed the confluence of traditional Chinese culture and Western thought as well as parenting beliefs held by Taiwanese parents with young children. The actual circumstances of the home learning environment were considered. This research had three purposes: to understand parenting beliefs and the home learning environment that parents provide; to understand the relationship among socioeconomic status, parenting beliefs, and the home learning environment; and to determine whether the mediating effect of the model fit of parenting beliefs on the home learning environment is affected by socioeconomic status. The literature review focused on parenting beliefs, the home learning environment, and factors related to the aforementioned concepts. First, meanings, contents, and Chinese parents' parenting beliefs were discussed. Second, the meanings and contents were discussed. Third, factors influencing parenting beliefs and the home learning environment were analyzed, including the relationship between home socioeconomic status and parenting beliefs, the effect of home socioeconomic status on the home learning environment, and the relationship between parenting beliefs and the home learning environment. Samples were retrieved from a database established by Chien-Ju Chang (2019), and the database called Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care (KIT): KIT-M36 at 36 months old [Data file]. The sample comprised fathers or mothers of babies born between April 1, 2013, and March 31, 2014, including a total of 2,099 research participants. The research instrument was the Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care (KIT) questionnaire, which was planned and prepared from August 2011 to March 2016 by the Center for Educational Research and Evaluation, National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU) and the Department of Human Development and Family Studies, NTNU, both commissioned by the Ministry of Science and Technology. This study used SAS 9.4 to test the median of the questionnaire scale for variables and perform correlation analysis. Furthermore, the study used structural equation modeling in Mplus 8.0 to analyze whether the mediating effect of the model fit of parenting beliefs on the home learning environment is affected by socioeconomic status. The independent variable of this research was socioeconomic status. Based on the formula revised by Lin (2005) from Hollingshead's Two-Factor Index of Social Position (1957), the scores of respondents' socioeconomic status were calculated as follows: socioeconomic status education level job type . The mediator variable was parenting belief, which consists of three constructs: guan, teaching, and achievement expectations. The word ＂guan＂ means ＂caring＂ or even ＂love＂ as well as ＂ruling＂ in Asian countries. There were three questions for guan, two questions for teaching, and three questions for achievement expectations; on a 4-point scale, interviewees' correspondence levels were collected, and the median value of the scale was found to be 2.5. The home learning environment consisted of five constructs: environmental diversity, learning materials, learning stimulus, parental responsivity, and conditional discipline. There were four questions for environmental diversity, five for learning materials, five for learning stimulus, three for parental responsivity, and three for conditional discipline. On a 4-point scale, interviewees' correspondence levels were collected, and the median value of the scale was found to be 2.5. To determine the validity of the research instrument, through factor analyses, three constructs of parenting beliefs were independently attributed to one factor. The cumulative explanatory variation reached 68.55%, and five constructs in the home learning environment were independently attributed to one factor; the cumulative explanatory variation reached 62.00%. Regarding the reliability test, the internal consistency measured by Cronbach's α was .72 for total parenting beliefs, and Cronbach's α was between .64 and .66 for each construct; the Cronbach's α coefficient was .89 for the internal consistency of the total home learning environment and between .65 and .83 for each construct. The factor analysis and Cronbach's α revealed that the research instrument reached acceptable levels of validity and reliability. This research discussed the parenting beliefs of parents with young children, the home learning environment that parents provide, and the mediating effect of parenting beliefs on the relationship between socioeconomic status and the home learning environment under the confluence of traditional Chinese culture and Western thoughts. The main findings and conclusions are as follows: 1. In Taiwan, parents with young children still hold strict parenting beliefs. In Taiwan, parents of younger generations still hold a high level of guan and a ＂teaching＂ attitude toward their children; however, compared with parents in the past, they are seemingly not as strict. The results revealed that changes in parenting beliefs seem to have occurred; however, the research participants were parents with children under 36 months of age, and their expectations regarding their children's achievements may thus have not clearly manifested. Therefore, long-term studies are required to follow the trend. 2. In Taiwan, parents with young children provide a good home learning environment for their children. Today, most parents with young children tend to provide a good home learning environment for their children; especially in the constructs of a home learning environment, a positive relationship exists between conditional parenting and the home learning environment. However, whether conditional parenting does good or harms the development of young children requires further exploration. 3. The higher the socioeconomic status of parents, the less strict the discipline and lower the expectation of parents. In Taiwan, parents with higher socioeconomic status tend to be less strict with discipline and hold lower achievement expectations for their children compared with those on themselves; however, a relationship does not exist between parents' socioeconomic status and teaching beliefs. In addition, parents of a higher socioeconomic status provide a superior home learning environment for their children. Whether the introduction of Western parenting beliefs has influenced Taiwanese parents' parenting beliefs requires further discussion. 4. Although teaching does not exert a mediating effect on the relationship between socioeconomic status and the home learning environment, parents of all socioeconomic statuses place emphasis on teaching. Observed from the construct formula of this research, no significant relationship existed between home socioeconomic status and teaching; however, from the average analysis of teaching, parents of all socioeconomic statuses emphasize teaching. Furthermore, parents' focus on teaching contributes to the provision of a good home learning environment for children. 5. Guan and achievement expectation exert mediating effects on the relationship between socioeconomic status and the home learning environment. This research indicated that socioeconomic status influenced the aspects of learning materials, parental responsivity, and conditional parenting in the home learning environment through guan and achievement expectation. Parents with higher socioeconomic status tend not to hold overly high expectations for their children and know to assist their children's learning with an environment more conducive to learning. Parents with lower socioeconomic status tend to possess higher achievement expectations for their children; however, they may not know effective parenting methods and tend to rely on stricter discipline when parenting. Hence, parenting education may provide parents with lower socioeconomic status with appropriate parenting methods related to guan and achievement expectation and also help their young children's development with a positive and abundant home learning environment.
主题分类 社會科學 > 心理學
社會科學 > 教育學
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被引用次数
  1. 蔡毅樺,林妙容(2023)。親子遊戲治療在臺灣實踐之適用與限制～從華人父母的角色與義務角度探析。輔導季刊，59(1)，13-24。
  2. 陳佳欣(2023)。臺灣國小數學低成就學生之數學成就影響因素研究。教育學誌，49，107-128。
  3. 黃湘紜,王玉珍(2021)。華人父母教養期許形塑經驗與子女知覺期待之生涯因應。諮商心理與復健諮商學報，36，31-45。
  4. 鍾志從,梁進龍,崔新玲,吳和堂(2023)。家庭環境影響幼兒語言發展因果關係之研究。教育心理學報，55(1)，1-24。
  5. (2022)。以環境多樣、學習材料、學習刺激對新住民幼兒及本地幼兒之認知能力、語言能力、社會能力與情緒能力的影響：多重中介模式檢定。當代教育研究季刊，30(4)，41-43+45。
  6. (2023)。親職參與和幼兒語言能力關係：家庭學習環境的中介效果。高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類，55，1-25。
  7. (2023)。影響兒童社會能力因素之解釋力比較：SOCIAL模型取向。教育心理學報，55(2)，373-400。
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