從生態衝擊的觀點探討台灣地區賞鯨規範之制定

A Discussion on the Establishment of Whale Watching Regulation in Taiwan: Based on the Ecological Impact of Whale Watching Boats on Cetaceans

10.6130/JORS.2000.13(4)3

宋秉明(Bin-Min Sung)；周蓮香(Lien-Siang Chou)；游文志(Wei-Chi Yu)

賞鯨生態衝擊 ； 鯨豚行為 ； 賞鯨規範 ； 賞鯨業管理 ； Ecological Impact of Whale Watching ； Behaviors of Cetaceans ； Regulation of Whale Watching ； Management of Whale Watching Industry

戶外遊憩研究

13卷4期（2000 / 12 / 01）

51 - 68

繁體中文

賞鯨事業於國內一出現即蓬勃發展但無章法，無論在市場管理或活動規劃上均問題重重。由於賞鯨船數劇增，又無任何規範可約束或引導賞鯨船的行駛行為，致使鯨豚生態正面臨潛在的危機。本研究根據國外賞鯨相關的研究與實務經驗，並採用於花蓮石梯海域進行的一項賞鯨船對鯨豚衝擊的調查結果，探討本土賞鯨規範制定時的原則、步驟、範圍與關鍵值等，期對未來制定賞鯨規範時有所助益，以減少賞鯨活動對海洋環境與鯨豚資源可能造成的負面衝擊，使賞鯨業得以永續發展。

Commercial whale watching began in Taiwan in 1997 at Setin Harbor of Hualien, and is now a popular tourism activity. At present, there are twenty five vessels offering commercial trips to watch whales and dolphins in this country. Such booming industry, however, potentially makes cetaceans vulnerable to disturbance and needs to be adequately controlled. Some evidences indicate that the whale-watch boats indeed influence some behaviors of dolphins according to a nautical survey conducted in Setin during 1998 to 1999. Based on overseas related research results and experience, and the above survey, the paper discussed the principle, procedure, framework and elements of establishing the whale watching regulation in Taiwan. The aim of the study is to lessen disturbance to dolphins and to ensure their well-being for the sustainable development of the whale watching industry.

1. Bass, J., Duffus, D.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
2. Baxter, A. S.(1993).Whale '93: A conference to further explore the management issues relating to human/ whale interactions.Queensland, Australia:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
3. Bazua-Duran, G.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
4. Beach, D. W., Weunrich, M. T.(1989).Watching the whales.Oceanus,32(1)
5. Birnie, P. W.(1985).International regulation of whaling, v. 2.Ocean Publications, Inc..
6. Blane, J.(1998).Res. Methods to Assess Behav. Impacts on Mar. Mammails-World Mar. Mam. Sci. Con..Monaco:
7. Breton, M.(1986).Guide to watching whales in Canada.Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
8. Cope, M. D., Aubin, S., Thomas, J.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
9. Corkeron, P. J.(1995).Humpback whales (Megapetra novaeangliae) in Hervey Bay, Queensland - Behavior and responses to whale watching vessels.Montecastello di Vibio, Italy:The Workshop on the Scientific Aspect of Managing Whale Watching.
10. Duffus, D. A.(1996).The recreational use of Grey whales in southern Clayoquot Sound, Canada.Applied Geography,3
11. Eberhardt, F.(1993).Surface behavior of Sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) under the impact of whale-watching vessels off Aandenes, Norway.Stockholm University.
12. Evans, P., Carson, P., Fisher, W., Limer, R., Rees, I.(1994).European Research on Cetaceans - 8, Proc. 8th Ann. Conf. ECS.Montpellier/ France/ Cambridge, UK:European Cetacean Society.
13. Gordon, J., Leaper, R., Hartley, F. G., Chappell, O.(1992).Effects of whale-watching vessels on the surface and underwater acoustic behavior of Sperm Whales off Kaikoura, New Zealand.Wellington, New Zealand:Head Office, Depar. of Conservation.
14. Green, M. L., Au, W. W., Calvez, L.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
15. Green, M. L., Green, R. G.(1990).Annual meeting of the Animal Behavior Society.Buffalo, NY:Sunny.
16. Hines, E., Duffus, D.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
17. Hoyt, E.(1996).Encounters with whales.Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
18. International Fund for Animal Welfare(1995).Scientific aspects of managing whale watching.Montecastello di Vibio, Italy:The Workshop on the Scientific Aspect of Managing Whale Watching.
19. International Fund for Animal Welfare(1996).Special aspects of Sperm Whales and their relevance to whale watching.Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica, East Caribbean:International Workshop on the special aspects of watching Sperm Whales.
20. International Fund for Animal Welfare, World Wildlife Fund, The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society(1997).Report of the international workshop on the educational values of whale watching.Provincetown, Massachusetts, USA:
21. International Whaling Commission(1996).The Scientific Committee to the IWC, 48th annual meeting.Aberdeen, Scotland:IWC.
22. MacGibbon, J.(1990).Responses of Sperm Whales (Physeter macrocephalus) to commercial whale watching boats off the coast of Kaikoura.Wellington:Department of Conservation Head Office.
23. Stone, G., Katona, S. K., Mainwaring, J. M., Allen, J. M., Corbett, H. D.(1992).Respiration and surfacing rates of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) observed from a lighthouse tower.Report of the International Whaling Commission,42
24. Sumich, J. L.(1983).Swimming velocities, breathing patterns and estimated costs of locomotion in migrating gray whales.Canadian Journal of Zoology,61(3)
25. Tucker, M.(1989).Whales and whale watching in Australia.Australia National Parks and Wildlife Service.
26. Williams, R., Trites, A., Bain, D.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
27. Witcher, R. E., Odel, D. K.(1999).13th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals.Hawaii, USA:
28. Wursig, B., Lynn, S. K., Jefferson, T. A., Mullin, K. D.(1998).Behavior of cetaceans in the northern Gulf of Mexico relative to survey ships and aircraft.Aquatic Mammals,24(1)
29. Wursig, B., Well, R. S., Norris, K. S., Wursig, M.(1994).The Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin.Berkeley, California:Univ. California Press.
30. Yin, S. E., Wursig, B.(1998).Research Methods to Assess Behavioral Impacts on Marine Mammals - World Marine Mammal Science Conference.Monaco:
31. 朱筱韻(1999)。台灣東海岸地區賞鯨生態旅遊事業發展課題之研究。台北:國立臺灣師範大學環境教育研究所。
32. 宋秉明 Sung, Bin-Min(2000)。賞鯨活動的規畫架構－一種永續觀光規劃的模式。觀光研究學報 Journal of Tourism Studies，6(1)
33. 周蓮香 Chou, Lien-Siang(1999)。台灣海域賞鯨豚生態旅遊前例調查與研究。交通部觀光局。
34. 周蓮香 Chou, Lien-Siang、 廖鴻基 、 楊世主 、 潘進龍 、 李培芬(1998)。第六屆鯨類生態與保育研討會－地理分布與賞鯨潛力。台北:
35. 邱文彥 Chiau, Wen-Yan(1998)。第六屆鯨類生態與保育研討會－地理分布與賞鯨潛力。台北:
36. 陳哲聰 、 劉光明 、 黃昭欽(1998)。第六屆鯨類生態與保育研討會－地理分布與賞鯨潛力。台北:
37. 曾永平(1999)。賞鯨活動解說評估之探討。花蓮:國立東華大學自然資源管理研究所。
38. 游文志 Yu, Wei-Chi(2000)。花蓮縣石梯海域賞鯨船對鯨豚行為之影響。花蓮:國立東華大學自然資源管理研究所。

1. 黃致傑、游志青(2004)。休閒倫理的重要性與推展策略之探討。大專體育，74，130-135。