遊憩涉入、場所依賴與場所認同因果關係之研究：以東豐綠色走廊遊憩自行車使用者爲例

A Study on Causal Relationships among Recreation Involvement, Place Dependence, and Place Identity: A Case of Recreation Bikers at Tong-Fon Bikeway Green Corridor

10.6130/JORS.2008.21(4)2

戴有德(You-De Dai)；陳冠仰(Kuan-Yang Chen)；李素馨(Su-Hsin Lee)

遊憩自行車使用者 ； 遊憩涉入 ； 場所依戀 ； Recreation bikers ； recreation involvement ； place attachment

戶外遊憩研究

21卷4期（2008 / 12 / 01）

27 - 57

繁體中文

遊憩自行車活動已逐漸被推廣爲全民運動，各專責單位如何籌設具有十足吸引力又實用的自行車道非常重要。本研究依結構方程模式，探討遊憩使用者在從事自行車活動時所展現遊憩涉入的程度（吸引力、自我表現及生活形態中心）對場所產生場所依賴及場所認同之關係，並以場所依賴爲中介變數。此外，依據遊憩者的居住地不同分爲當地群與外縣市群（造訪頻次不同），以恆等性檢定探討遊憩涉入及場所依賴及場所認同之關係架構是否恆等。本研究以臺中縣東豐綠色走廊從事遊憩自行車活動之使用者爲研究對象，使用便利抽樣法，共計發出600份問卷，有效問卷計有553份，回收率爲92.17%。研究結果發現，除吸引力對場所認同關係未獲得實證支持外，本文的理論架構與研究假設大都獲得支持，並經當地群與外縣市群在本架構模式中恆等性獲得支持後，且當地群比外縣市群在各構念感受度較高。本文並根據研究發現提出理論意涵與未來研究建議。

Recreation bicycling is a recreation activity for everyone, and therefore, it is very important for each specific department to build attractive and practical bikeways. The purpose of this study is to explore relationships between the users' recreation involvement (attraction, self expression, and centrality of lifestyle) of bicycle activities, and the users' sense of attachment (place dependence and place identity) to a specific place. This study uses SEM to develop an effective and robust structure model of recreation involvement and place attachment, including test place dependence as a mediating variable. In addition, a measurement equivalence/ invariance (ME/I) approach was applied to analyze the differences of visiting frequencies (local and non-local groups) within the structure model. In this study, 600 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to recreation bikers on the Tong-Fon bikeway green corridor, 553 questionnaires were usable. The survey response rate was 92.17%. According to the findings, the theoretical constructs and hypotheses are mostly supported, however, no evidence was significant for the attraction on place identity. In addition, this study notes that the latent means of local group, in each construct, were higher than in non-local groups, while supporting no significant differences in the structural models of the two groups. Finally, the results are explored for implications of management and suggestions for future study.

1. 謝宗恆、侯錦雄、郭彰仁(2005)。遊客對北埔傳統聚落之文化遊憩屬性與場所依戀關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，18(4)，1-24。
   連結：
2. Altman, I.,Low, S. M.(1992).Place attachment.New York:Plenum Press.
3. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1984).The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis.Psychometrika,49(2),155-173.
4. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach.Psychological Bulletin,103(3),411-423.
5. Arora, R.(1993).Consumer involvement in service decisions.Journal of Professional Services Marketing,9(1),49-58.
6. Backlund, E. A.,Williams, D. R.,J. Murdy (Ed.)(2004).Proceedings of the 2003 Northeast recreation research symposium.Newtown Square, PA:USDA Forest Service, Northeast Research Station.
7. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.(1988).On the evaluation of structural equation models.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,16(1),74-94.
8. Baron, R. M.,Kenny, D. A.(1986).The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical consideration.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,51(6),1173-1182.
9. Beally, S. E.,Smith, S. M.(1987).External search effort: An investigation across several product categories.Journal of Consumer Research,14(1),83-95.
10. Bentler, P. M.,Wu, E. J. C.(1993).EQS/Windows use`s guide.Los Angeles:BMDP Statistic Software.
11. Bollen, K. A.(1989).Structural equations with latent variables.New York:Wiley.
12. Bollen, K. A.,Long, J. S.(1992).Test for structural equation models: Introduction.Sociological Methods and Research,21(2),123-131.
13. Boomsma, A.,K. G. Jöreskog,H. Wold (Eds.)(1982).Systems under indirect observation: Causality, structure, prediction.Amsterdam:North-Holland.
14. Bricker, K. S.,Kerstetter, D. L.(2000).Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists.Leisure Sciences,22(4),233-257.
15. Brown, R. L.(1997).Assessing specific mediational effects in complex theoretical models.Structural Equation Modeling,4(2),142-156.
16. Cheung, C. W.,Rensvold, R. B.(2002).Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for measurement invariance.Structural Equation Modeling,9(2),233-255.
17. Churchill, G. A.(1979).A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs.Journal of Marketing Research,16(1),64-73.
18. Cortina, J. M.(1993).What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications.Journal of Applied Psychology,78(1),98-104.
19. Dimanche, F.,Havitz, M. E.,Howard, D. R.(1991).Testing the involvement profile (IP) scale in the context of selected recreational and touristic activities.Journal of Leisure Research,23(1),51-66.
20. Dimanche, F.,Havitz, M. E.,Howard, D. R.(1993).Consumer involvement profiles as a tourism segmentation tool.Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,1(4),35-52.
21. Ding, L.,Velicer, W.,Harlow, L.(1995).Effect of estimation methods, number of indicators per factor and improper solutions on structural equation modeling fit indices.Structural Equation Modeling,2(2),119-143.
22. Driel, O. P. van(1978).On various causes of improper solutions in maximum likelihood factor analysis.Psychometrika,43(2),225-243.
23. Gorsuch, R. L.(1983).Factor analysis.Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
24. Hair, J. F.,Anderson, R. E.,Tatham, R. L.,Black, W. C.(1998).Multivariate data analysis.Upper Saddle Rivet, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
25. Hammitt, W. E.,Backlund, E. A.,Bixler, R. D.(2004).Experience use history, place bonding and resource substitution of trout anglers during recreation engagements.Journal of Leisure Research,36(3),356-378.
26. Hammitt, W. E.,Cole, D. N.(1998).Wildland recreation: Ecology and management.New York:John Wiley.
27. Havitz, M. E.,Dimanche, F.(1999).Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes.Journal of Leisure Research,31(2),122-149.
28. Havitz, M. E.,Dimanche, F.(1997).Leisure involvement revisited: Conceptual conundrums and measurement advance.Journal of Leisure Research,29(3),245-278.
29. Hidalgo, M. C.,Hernandez, B.(2001).Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions.Journal of Environmental Psychology,21(3),273-281.
30. Hou, J. S.,Lin, C. H.,Morais, D. B.(2005).Antecedents of attachment to a cultural tourism destination: The case of Hakka and non-Hakka Taiwanese visitors to Pei-pu, Taiwan.Journal of Travel Research,44(2),221-233.
31. Hummon, D. M.,I. Altman,S. M. Low (Eds.)(1992).Place attachment.New York:Plenum Press.
32. Jöreskog, K. G.,Sörbom, D.(1989).LISREL 7: A guide to the program and application.Chicago:Scientific Software International.
33. Jorgensen, B. S.,Stedman, R. C.(2006).A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties.Journal of Environmental Management,79(3),316-327.
34. Jorgensen, B. S.,Stedman, R. C.(2001).Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners attitudes toward their properties.Journal of Environmental Psychology,21(3),233-248.
35. Kaiser, H. F.(1960).The application of electronic computers to factor analysis.Educational and Psychological Measurement,20(1),141-151.
36. Kapferer, J.,Laurent, G.(1985).Consumer involvement profiles: A new practical approach to consumer involvement.Journal of Advertising Research,25(6),48-56.
37. Kim, S. S.,Scott, D.,Crompton, J. L.(1997).An exploration of the relationships among social psychological involvement, behavior involvement, commitment, and future intentions in the context of birdwatching.Journal of Leisure Research,29(3),320-341.
38. Korpela, K. M.(1989).Place-identity as a product of environmental self regulation.Journal of Environmental Psychology,9(3),241-256.
39. Kyle, G.,Bricker, K.,Graefe, A. R.,Wickham, T.(2004).An examination of the relationships with activities and settings.Leisure Sciences,26(2),123-142.
40. Kyle, G.,Graefe, A. R.,Manning, R.,Bacon, J.(2003).An examination of the relationship between leisure activity involvement and place attachment among hikers along the Appalachian Trail.Journal of Leisure Research,35(3),249-273.
41. Little, T. D.(1997).Mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses of cross-cultural data: Practical and theoretical issues.Multivariate Behavioral Research,32(1),53-76.
42. McIntyre, N.,Pigram, J.(1992).Recreational specialization reexamined: The case of vehicle-based campers.Leisure Sciences,14(1),3-15.
43. Moore, R. L.,Graefe, A. R.(1994).Attachments to recreation settings: The case of tail-trail users.Leisure Sciences,16(1),17-31.
44. Moore, R. L.,Scott, D.(2003).Place attachment and context: Comparing a pack and a trail within.Forest Science,49(6),1-8.
45. Nunnally, J.(1978).Psychometric theory.New York:McGraw-Hill.
46. Proshansky, H. M.(1978).The city and self-identity.Environment and Behavior,10(2),147-169.
47. Proshansky, H. M.,Fabian, A. K.,Kaminoff, R.(1983).Place-identity: Physical world socialization of the self.Journal of Environment Psychology,3(1),57-83.
48. Rothschild, M. L.(1984).Perspectives on involvement: Current problems and future direction.Advances in Consumer Research,11(1),216-217.
49. Selin, S. W.,Howard, D. R.(1988).Ego involvement and leisure behavior: A conceptual specification.Journal of Leisure Research,20(3),237-244.
50. Shannon, G.,Edward, J. R.(1995).The effect of goal orientation and place dependence on select goal interferences among winter backcountry users.Leisure Sciences,17(3),171-183.
51. Slama, M. E.,Tashchian, A.(1985).Selected socioeconomic slid demographic characteristics associated with purchasing involvement.Journal of Marketing,49(1),72-82.
52. Stokols, D.,Shumaker, S. A.,J. Harvey (Ed.)(1981).Cognition, social behavior; and the environment.Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
53. Stone, R. N.(1984).The marketing characteristics of involvement.Advances in Consumer Research,11(1),210-215.
54. Tinsley, H. E. A.,Tinsley, D. J.(1987).Use of factor analysis in counseling psychology research.Journal of Counseling Psychology,34(4),414-424.
55. Tuan, Y. F.(1977).Space and place: The perspective a experience.Minneapolis, MN:University of Minnesota Press.
56. Vaske, J. J.,Kobrin, K. C.(2001).Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior.Journal of Environmental Education,32(4),16-21.
57. Vogt, W. P.(1999).Dictionary of statistics & methodology: A nontechnical guide for the social sciences.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
58. Wiley, C. G. E.,Shaw, S. M.,Havitz, M. E.(2000).Men`s and women`s involvement in sports: An examination of the gendered aspects of leisure involvement.Leisure Sciences,22(1),19-31.
59. Williams, D. R.,Patterson, M. E.,Roggenbuck, J. W.,Watson, A. E.(1992).Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place.Leisure Sciences,14(1),29-46.
60. Williams, D. R.,Vaske, J. J.(2003).The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach.Forest Science,49(6),830-840.
61. 方怡堯(2002)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北，國立臺灣師範大學運動休閒與管理學系。
62. 呂怡儒(2001)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺北，國立臺灣大學森林學系。
63. 李英弘、林朝欽、中華民國戶外遊憩學會編(1997)。場所情感概念在戶外遊憩研究上之探討。1997休閒遊憩觀光研究成果研討會：休閒遊憩行爲，臺北:
64. 林建堯(1999)。碩士論文(碩士論文)。臺中，國立中興大學園藝學系。
65. 黃芳銘(2004)。結構方程模式在教育資料應用之研究。臺北:五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
66. 中縣采風

1. 白如玲(2021)。澎湖體驗旅遊、懷舊情感、地方認同與行為意圖之關係：兼論懷舊情感與地方認同之中介效果。休閒產業管理學刊，14(1)，45-64。
2. 蔡佳燕、林舜涓、余梅香(2012)。以港都騎跡探討單車騎士地方依戀之中介效果研究。興國學報，13，27-38。
3. 蔡明翰,林建信(2020)。積極人格與地方依附之研究：文化體驗與負責任環境行為的調節中介模式。行銷評論，17(2)，179-206。
4. 蔡文宬、陳韡方、林永森(2014)。遊憩涉入對場所依附關係之研究：以蜜月灣衝浪者為例。運動與遊憩研究，9(2)，33-49。
5. 曾建興(2015)。遊客休閒涉入、滿意度與重遊行為意圖關係之研究－以台南安平老街為例。運動與遊憩研究，10(2)，119-137。
6. 戴有德(2017)。想樂活嗎？以遊憩者—遊憩環境契合度與場所依戀觀點探討之。戶外遊憩研究，30(2)，53-89。
7. 戴有德,蔡宗伯,劉羿妏,葉俊廷(2021)。自我意象一致性會影響旅遊行為嗎？兼論先前經驗、涉入、知識與時間壓力之調節效果。戶外遊憩研究，34(1)，99-139。
8. 戴有德、黃文雄、陳冠仰、李海清(2012)。在休閒潛水活動中環境屬性滿意度與場所依戀關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，25(1)，-25-55。
9. 戴有德、莊文隆、王耀淪、王靖驊(2017)。想跟居民當朋友嗎？以自我意象一致性與場所依戀觀點探討之。戶外遊憩研究，30(4)，1-30。
10. 郭岑伊,林正士(2013)。A Study on Causal Relationships among Travel Transport Service Involvement, Service Dependence, and Service Identity: A Case of Mini-three-links。國立金門大學學報，3，17-36。
11. 郭嘉珍(2016)。遊憩涉入與服務保證對重遊意願之影響：以民營觀光遊樂業為例。大仁學報，49，109-132。
12. 郭彰仁,林嘉弘,江翊嫆(2022)。探討登山者遊憩專門化、遊憩環境契合度與場所依戀關係之研究。戶外遊憩研究，35(1)，29-57。
13. 許龍池、張景弘、王建臺(2014)。探討臺灣自行車業對臺灣自行車運動發展之影響。運動休閒管理學報，11(1)，50-61。
14. 黃文雄、陳寬裕、林永森(2011)。自行車參與者活動涉入、場所依附與目的地忠誠度關係之研究。台灣體育運動管理學報，11(2)，139-163。
15. 簡翊芬、歐典灝、陳寬裕(2013)。遊憩涉入、場所依戀與環境責任行為關係之研究：以水肺潛水活動為例。休閒產業管理學刊，6(2)，1-22。
16. 賴政豪,張祐誠,徐尚偉,余宗龍(2023)。固定翼超輕型載具同乘飛行者刺激尋求、體驗價值與再訪意願關係之研究：兼論從SOR觀點分析冒險遊憩活動參與者。戶外遊憩研究，36(2)，65-103。
17. 林正士、吳英偉(2014)。小三通旅運商業模式初探：跨界與跨運具觀點。餐旅暨觀光，11(3)，137-168。
18. 林正士、周軒逸(2017)。服務品質與服務補救期望對旅運涉入之影響：以金廈小三通為例。品質學報，24(1)，60-79。
19. 盧美麗、蔡明昌、劉冠佑、彭紹榮、林永森(2017)。遊憩涉入、專門化、場所依附及負責任環境行為關係之研究。運動與遊憩研究，11(3)，100-113。
20. 蘇維杉、黃政紘(2018)。定期賽會目的地意象與參與型運動觀光客之行為意圖：地方依賴與地方認同的中介效果。Physical Education Journal，51(4)，499-518。
21. 謝奇明,林麗娟,吳忠宏(2019)。金門山后聚落遊客的懷舊情感對負責任環境行為之影響：兼論地方依賴與地方認同的中介效果。環境教育研究，15(2)，81-120。
22. 謝宗恒(2019)。新北市城鄉邊緣地帶之農耕體驗價值：兼論價值對地方情感與親環境行為影響。戶外遊憩研究，32(2)，1-37。
23. 謝宗勳,柯昱辰,柯比昂(2023)。應用計畫行為理論探討自行車觀光吸引力與地方依戀對於重訪意願影響之研究。興大體育學刊，22，13-25。
24. 楊仁仁(2013)。高爾夫運動參與者參與動機、涉入程度與幸福感相關性之研究。中原體育學報，2，66-81。
25. 張家語,李彥希(2021)。審計新村遊客之懷舊情感、體驗價值與場所依戀之關係。造園景觀學報，25(2)，18-40。
26. 張景弘、徐世同(2015)。冠名贊助運動賽會吸引力與熟悉度對賽會情感依附與忠誠之影響。體育學報，48(4)，399-416。
27. 鄭以芯、楊知衡、洪千雯、林麗娟、吳忠宏(2016)。懷舊情感、地方依附與負責任環境行為關係之研究以鹿港老街遊客為例。鄉村旅遊研究，9(2)，1-23。
28. 鍾政偉,陳建呈,林靜誼,林彥伶(2019)。療癒系萌寵，最甜蜜的負擔？－以休閒療癒探討飼主幸福感之研究。高雄師大學報：教育與社會科學類，46，1-15。
29. 鍾政偉、莊雅雯、洪婕珉、白雨恬(2012)。以遊客觀點建構觀光老街關鍵成功因素之研究。島嶼觀光研究，5(2)，49-75。
30. (2024)。當您購買旅遊產品時是否會發生從眾行為？以社會影響觀點探討之：兼論涉入與衝動性特質之調節效果。戶外遊憩研究，37(2)，41-76。