The Comparison Study on Measurements of Flow Characteristics for Intellective Computer Game

以電腦益智遊戲進行心流特徵衡量之比較研究

10.6130/JORS.2009.22(1)3

邱文志(Wen-Chih Chiou)；楊明青(Ming-Ching Yang)；王秀鑾(Shiow-Luan Wang)

心流特徵 ； 心理 ； 生理 ； 行爲指標 ； Flow characteristics ； psychology ； physiology indicators ； behavioral indicators

戶外遊憩研究

22卷1期（2009 / 03 / 01）

47 - 75

英文

隨著電腦遊戲和數位內容之互動性不斷創新，人們透過瀏覽互動過程進入心流狀態並從中獲得樂趣。以往研究均採用活動後心流體驗量表來衡量心流體驗，衡量結果不僅容易受到受測者主觀填答及回憶正確性而產生偏差，而且亦無法量測活動過程之心流特徵狀態變化。本研究彙整文獻建立心流特徵之生理（腦波、皮膚電流反應及心跳）及行爲（臉部表情、聲音、眨眼及滑鼠成功點擊）衡量架構。爲說明衡量指標之應用，招募38位大學生體驗電腦益智遊戲，利用生理及行爲指標衡量玩家遊戲過程之專注、樂趣及控制心流特徵，並以遊戲後填答心流體驗量表進行心流特徵之比較。實驗結果顯示，生理及行爲指標之衡量結果一致性較佳，而且易於結合遊戲情境以探討玩家之心流狀態變化；心流體驗量表則較適用於概括性衡量，對於個別心流特徵衡量之一致性與解釋力較差。透過大樣本實證衡量模式，針對不同遊戲類型探討衡量指標取捨及衡量結果之影響，均值得後續研究予以探討。此一研究成果不僅有助於心流特徵衡量技術之擴展，遊戲設計者亦可結合生理及衡量指標即時量測玩家心流特徵狀態，並藉由動態調整遊戲情境以延長玩家心流體驗發生之頻率及強度。

With the development of personal computer (PC) games and Internet digital content, players can gain enjoyment and experience a flow status through the interactive process. Previous studies measured flow experiences through experience scale after activity. Such studies could easily lead to deviation due to the participants' subjectivity and recall incorrectness, and fail to measure the dynamic flow status during the activity. To illustrate the abovementioned statement, this study applied physiological and behavioral indicators to measure the flow characteristics on a PC intellective game. Participants' flow concentration, enjoyment, and control characteristics were measured during game playing by physiological indicators (brain wave, galvanic skin response, and heart rate) and behavioral indicators (facial expression, voice, eye blinking, and mouse clicking). Also, they were asked to fill out the flow experience scale after the activity. The different indicators were compared to find out which one has the better consistence of flow characteristics. The results indicated that physiological and behavior measurement indicators have better consistence; it was easy to link with game situation to discuss the dynamic flow status of participants. Future studies can further validate on the results on mass sample or different game categories. These findings are helpful to measuring flow characteristics, and also for instantaneously measuring flow status of players with physiological and behavioral measurement indicators, which could help game designers designing better PC games.

1. Abdou, AM.,Higashiguchi, S.,Horie, K.,Kim, M.,Hatta, H.,Yokogoshi, H.(2006).Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) administration in humans.BioFactors,26(3),201-208.
2. Agarwal, R.,Karahanna, E.(2000).Time flies when you're having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage.MIS Quarterly,24(4),665-694.
3. Andreassi, J. L.(2000).Psychophysiology: Human behavior and physiological response.NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum.
4. Branch, J. L.(2001).Junior high students and think aloud generating information- seeking process data using concurrent verbal protocols.Library and Information Science Research,23(2),107-122.
5. Cacioppo, J. T.(2004).Feelings and emotions: Roles for electrophysiological markers.Biological Psychology,67(1-2),235-243.
6. Chen, H.,Wigand, R. T.,Nilan, M. S.(1999).Optimal experience of web activities.Computers in Human Behavior,15(5),585-608.
7. Chen, Y. C.(2003).Tainan, Taiwan,Cheng Kung University.
8. Chow, L. L.(2003).Taoyuan, Taiwan,Chung Yuan Christian University.
9. Clarke, S. G.,Haworth, J. T.(1994).Flow experience in the daily lives of sixth-form college students.British Journal of Psychology,85,511-523.
10. Codispoti, M.,Ferrari, V.,Bradley, M. M.(2006).Repetitive picture processing: Autonomic and cortical correlates.Brain Research,1068(1),213-220.
11. Report of internet usage of 2006
12. Costa, P. T.,McCrae, R. R.(1985).The NEO personality inventory manual.FL:Psychological Assessment Resources.
13. Crawford, H. J.,Clarke, S. W.,Tniolo-Kitner, M.(1996).Self-generated happy and sad emotions in low and highly hypnotizable persons during waking and hypnosis: Laterality and regional BEG activity differences.International Journal of Psychophysiology,24(3),239-266.
14. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(2000).Beyond boredom and anxiety: Experiencing flow in work and play.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
15. Csikszentmihalyi, M.(1975).Beyond boredom and anxiety.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
16. DeVellis, R. F.(1991).Scale development.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
17. Ekman, P.,Levenson, R. W.,Friesen, W. V.(1983).Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions.Science,221(4616),1208-1210.
18. Ellis, G. D.,Voelkl, J. E.,Morris, C.(1994).Measurement and analysis issues with explanation of variance in daily experience using the flow model.Journal of Leisure Research,26(4),337-356.
19. Hoffman, D. L.,Novak, T. P.(1996).Marketing in hypermedia computer-mediated environments: Conceptual foundations.Journal of Marketing,60(3),50-68.
20. Hoffman, D. L.,Novak, T. P.(1997).A new marketing paradigm for electronic commerce.The Information Society,13(1),43-54.
21. Hsu, C. L.,Lu, H. P.(2004).Why do people play on-line games? An extended TAM with social influences and flow experience.Journal of Information and Management,41(7),853-868.
22. Huang, M. H.(2003).Pausal behavior of end-users in online searching.Information Processing and Management,39(3),425-444.
23. Mobil game application
24. Jasper, H. H.(1958).The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,10,371-375.
25. Jaspers, M.W.,Steen, T.,Sos, C.,Geenen, M.(2004).The think aloud method: A guide to user interface design.International Journal of Medical Informatics,73(11),781-795.
26. Johnson, D.,Wiles, J.(2003).Effective affective user interface design in games.Journal of Ergonomics,46(13),1332-1345.
27. Johnstone, T.,H. Fujisaki (Ed.)(1996).Emotional speech elicited using computer games.Proceedings of the 4th international conference on spoken language,Piscataway, NJ:
28. Jurcak, V.,Tsuzuki, D.,Dan, I.(2007).10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: Their validity as relative head-surface-based positioning systems.NeuroImage,34(4),1600-1611.
29. Kaiser, S.,Wehrle, T.,Edwards, P.,N. H. Frijda (Ed.)(1994).Multi-modal emotion measurement in an interactive computer-game: A pilot-study.Proceedings of the VIIIth conference of the international society for research on emotions,Storrs, CT:
30. Kao, C. F.(2003).Taipei, Taiwan,Taipei Physical Education College.
31. Khalfa, S.,Isabelle, P.,Pierre, B.,Manon, R.(2002).Event-related skin conductance responses to musical emotions in humans.Neuroscience Letters,328(2),145-149.
32. Kiili, K.(2005).Content creation challenges and flow experience in educational games: The it-emperor case.Journal of Internet and Higher Education,8(3),183-198.
33. Koufaris, M.(2002).Applying the technology acceptance model and flow theory to online consumer bebavior.Journal of Information Systems Research,13(2),205-223.
34. Macaulay, M.(2004).The speed of mouse-click as a measure of anxiety during human-computer interaction.Behaviour and Information Technology,23(6),427-433.
35. Mathwick, C.,Rigdon, E.(2004).Play, flow, and the online search experience.Journal of Consumer Research,31(2),324-332.
36. Noteblog
37. Moon, J.,Kim, Y.(2001).Extending the TAM for a world-wide-web context.Information and Management,38(4),217-230.
38. Measuring the flow experience among web users
39. Novak, T. P.,Hoffman, D. L.,Yung, Y. F.(2000).Measuring the customer experience in online environments: A structural modeling approach.Marketing Science,19(1),22-42.
40. Nunnally, J. C.(1978).Psychometric theory.New York:McGraw-Hill.
41. Ohani, J. A.,Deshpande, S. P.(1994).Task characteristics and the experience of optimal flow in human-computer interaction.Journal of Psychology,128(4),381-391.
42. Ohani, J. A.,Supnick, R.,Rooney, P.(1991).The experience of flow in computer-mediated and in face-to-face groups.New York:ICIS.
43. Passini, F. T.,Watkins, B.(1977).Alpha wave biofeedback training therapy in alcoholics.Journal of Clinical Psychology,33(1),292-299.
44. Internet and America life feature report
45. Reekum, C. M.,Johnstone, T.,Banse, R.,Etter, A.,Wehrle, T.,Scherer, K. R.(2004).Psychophysiological responses to appraisal dimensions in a computer game.Journal of Cognition and Emotion,18(5),663-688.
46. Smith, D. N.,Sivakumar K.(2004).Flow and internet shopping behavior: A conceptual model and research propositions.Journal of Business Research,57(10),1199-1208.
47. Trevino, L.,Webster, J.(1992).Flow in computer-mediated communication.Communication Research,19(5),539-573.
48. Vicente, K. J.,Thornton, D. C.,Moray, N.(1987).Spectral analysis of sinus arrhythmia: A measure of mental effort.Human Factors,29(2),171-182.
49. Waldstein, S.R.,Kop, W. J.,Schmidt, L. A.,Haufler, A. J.,Krantz, D. S.,Fox, N. A.(2000).Frontal electrocortical and cardiovascular reactivity during happiness and anger.Biological Psychology,55(1),3-23.
50. Webster, J.,Martocchio, J. J.(1992).Microcomputer playfulness: Development of a measure with workplace implications.MIS Quarterly,16(2),201-226.
51. Webster, J.,Trevino, L.,Ryan, L.(1993).The dimensionality and correlates of flow in human-computer interactions.Computers in Human Behavior,9(4),411-426.
52. Wen, J. R.,Yang, S. M.,S. Kin (Ed.)(2005).The effects of learning style and flow experience on the effectiveness of e-learning.Proceedings of the fifth IEEE international conference on advanced learning technologies,NJ:
53. Wilson, G. M.,G. Olson (Ed.)(2001).Proceedings of CHI 2001 doctoral consortium.Seattle, WA:ACM Press.
54. Yamada, F.(1998).Frontal midline theta rhythm and eye blinking activity during a VDT task and a video game: Useful tools for psychophysiology in ergonomics.Journal of Ergonomics,41(5),678-688.