如何從事一趟低碳旅遊？低碳旅遊量表之發展與驗證

How to Do a Low-Carbon Travel? Developing and Validating Low-Carbon Travel Scale

10.6130/JORS.2016.29(2)2

曹勝雄(Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur)；戴友榆(You-Yu Dai)

低碳旅遊 ； 自助旅客 ； 量表發展 ； 測量 ； Low-carbon travel ； Independent tourist ； Scale development ； Measure

戶外遊憩研究

29卷2期（2016 / 06 / 01）

27 - 53

繁體中文

低碳旅遊是近年來觀光產業與學界關注的新興課題。過去研究多從業者觀點設計低碳旅遊套裝行程，甚少以遊客觀點指引自助旅客如何在旅遊中從事節能減碳行為。本研究目的是利用旅遊相關文獻，發展並檢驗一份量表，以指導遊客從事低碳旅遊。本研究以763份自助旅客樣本（380位低碳旅遊地遊客以及383位非低碳旅遊地遊客）進行探索性和驗證性因素分析，以驗證本量表的有效性。經過嚴謹的量表發展程序，本研究確認低碳旅遊量表的六個構面為：低碳遊程、低碳運輸、低碳住宿、低碳餐飲、低碳消費、以及低碳傾向。本研究並提出若干管理意涵與未來研究方向之建議。

Low carbon tourism has garnered attention from the tourism industry and academia in recent years. Though previous studies (Kuo & Dai, 2012) have often designed low carbon package tours through the perspective of operators, few studies have assisted independent tourists to save energy and reduce the carbon footprint of their travel. This study draws on tourism-related literature to develop and test a low carbon travel scale. Of the 763 tourists who participated in this study, 380 tourists traveled to low-carbon destinations and 383 tourists traveled to high-carbon destinations. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to verify the validity of the scale. Using a rigorous instrument development process, the study identified six dimensions of a low-carbon travel scale: low carbon journey, low carbon transport, low carbon accommodation, low carbon diet, low carbon consumption, and low carbon tendency. Implications for theoretical and practical applications are also discussed.

1. 澎湖國家風景區管理處(2011)。營造澎湖「低碳島生活圈」遊客配合事項。下載日期：2015/2/16，取自：http://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/NewsDetailC001100.aspx?Cond=0aedfaac-e695-493a-ad10-4cd1e1dccf97 Penghu National Scenic Area Administration. (2011). Matters of creating Penghu "low-carbon island living area" to tourists. Retrieved February 16, 2015, from http://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/NewsDetailC001100.aspx?Cond=0aedfaac-e695-493aad10-4cd1e1dccf97
2. 新北市政府環境保護局(2014)。「坪林茶香．輕碳小旅行」坪林低碳旅遊開跑囉！ 下載日期：2016/5/25，取自：http://www.ntpc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=28&parentpath=0,6,27&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=201407100019&mserno=201309100001 Environmental Protection Department, New Taipei City Government. (2014). “Pinglin tea and low-carbon travel” Pinglin low-carbon travel is beginning! Retrieved May 25, 2016, from http://www.ntpc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=28&parentpath=0,6,27&mcustomize=news_view.jsp&dataserno=201407100019&mserno=201309100001
3. Sustrans. (2007). Low carbon travel information sheet. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from http://www.climatlantic.co.uk/resource_files/KS3_4__travel_infosheet.pdf
4. Salt Spring Island Climate Action Council. (2011). Salt Spring Island climate action plan version 1.0, Retrieved March 29, 2012, from http://www.islandstrust.bc.ca/ltc/ss/pdf/ssrptpotclimactions.pdf
5. Anderson, J. C.,Gerbing, D. W.(1988).Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach.Psychological Bulletin,103(3),411-423.
6. Bagozzi, R. P.,Yi, Y.,Singh, S.(1991).On the use of structural equation models in experimental designs: Two extensions.International Journal of Research in Marketing,8(2),125-140.
7. Boley, B. B.,Nickerson, N. P.,Bosak, K.(2011).Measuring geotourism: Developing and testing the geotraveler tendency scale (GTS).Journal of Travel Research,50(5),567-578.
8. Brunt, P.(1997).Market research in travel and tourism.Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd..
9. Chen, H.,Long, R.,Niu, W.,Feng, Q.,Yang, R.(2014).How does individual lowcarbon consumption behavior occur? An analysis based on attitude process.Applied Energy,116,376-386.
10. Churchill, G. A., Jr.(1979).A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs.Journal of Marketing Research,16(1),64-73.
11. Department for Transport(2009).Delivering sustainable low carbon travel: An essential guide for local authorities.London:Department for Transport.
12. DeVellis, R. F.(2012).Scale development: Theory and applications.Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage Publications Inc.
13. Dickinson, J. E.,Lumsdon, L.(2010).Slow travel and tourism.London:Earthscan.
14. Dickinson, J. E.,Lumsdon, L.,Robbins, D.(2011).Slow travel: Issues for tourism and climate change.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(3),281-300.
15. Dickinson, J. E.,Robbins, D.,Lumsdon, L.(2010).Holiday travel discourses and climate change.Journal of Transport Geography,18(3),482-489.
16. Filimonau, V.,Dickinson, J.,Robbins, D.,Huijbregts, M. A. J.(2011).Reviewing the carbon footprint analysis of hotels: Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) as a holistic method for carbon impact appraisal of tourist accommodation.Journal of Cleaner Production,19(17),1917-1930.
17. Fornell, C.,Lacker, D. F.(1981).Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.Journal of Marketing Research,18(1),39-50.
18. Gössling, S.,Peeters, P.,Scott, D.(2008).Consequences of climate policy for international tourist arrivals in developing countries.Third World Quarterly,29(5),873-901.
19. Gössling, S.,Scott, D.(2012).Scenario planning for sustainable tourism: An introduction.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,20(6),773-778.
20. Hair, J. F.,Black, W. C.,Babin, B. J.,Anderson, R. E.,Tatham, R. L.(2006).Multivariate data analysis.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Prentice Hall.
21. Hares, A.,Dickinson, J.,Wilkes, K.(2010).Climate change and the air travel decisions of UK tourists.Journal of Transport Geography,18(3),466-473.
22. Horng, J. S.,Hu, M. L.,Teng, C. C.,Hsiao, H. L.,Liu, C. H.(2013).Development and validation of the low-carbon literacy scale among practitioners in the Taiwanese tourism industry.Tourism Management,35,255-262.
23. Horng, J. S.,Hu, M. L.,Teng, C. C.,Lin, L.(2014).Energy saving and carbon reduction behaviors in tourism: A perception study of Asian visitors from a Protection Motivation Theory perspective.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,19(6),721-735.
24. Jöreskog, K. G.,Sörbom, D.(1993).LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language.Chicago:Scientific Software International.
25. Kasimoglu, M.(Ed.),Aydin, H.(Ed.)(2012).Strategies for tourism industry- Micro and macro perspectives.Rijeka, Croatia:InTech.
26. Kuo, N. W.,Chen, P. H.(2009).Qualifying energy use, carbon dioxide emission, and other environmental loads from island based on a life cycle assessment approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,17(15),1324-1330.
27. Kuo, N. W.,Dai, Y. Y.(2012).Applying the theory of planned behavior to predict low-carbon tourism behavior: A modified model from Taiwan.International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction,8(4),45-62.
28. Lumsdon, L. M.,McGrath, P.(2011).Developing a conceptual framework for slow travel: A grounded theory approach.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,19(3),265-279.
29. McKercher, B.,Prideaux, B.,Cheung, C.,Law, R.(2010).Achieving voluntary reductions in the carbon footprint of tourism and climate change.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,18(3),297-317.
30. Miller, G.,Rathouse, K.,Scarles, C.,Holmes, K.,Tribe, J.(2010).Public understanding of sustainable tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,37(3),627-645.
31. Nerlich, B.,Evans, V.,Koteyko, N.(2011).Low carbon diet: Reducing the complexities of climate change to human scale.Language and Cognition,3(1),45-82.
32. Nowaczek, A.,Smale, B.(2010).Exploring the predisposition of travellers to qualify as ecotourists: The ecotourist predisposition scale.Journal of Ecotourism,9(1),45-61.
33. Peeters, P.,Dubois, G.(2011).Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints.Journal of Transport Geography,18(3),447-457.
34. Peeters, P.,Gössling, S.,Lane, B.(2009).Moving towards low-carbon tourism: New opportunities for destinations and tour operators.Sustainable tourism futures: Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations,London:
35. Roscoe, J. T.(1975).Fundamental research statistics for the behavioural sciences.New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
36. Schwarz, S.(2006).Responsible travel handbook.Bennington, VT:Transitions Abroad Magazine.
37. Scott, D.,Peeters, P.,Gössling, S.(2010).Can tourism deliver its "aspirational" greenhouse gas emission reduction targets?.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,18(3),393-408.
38. Simpson, M. C.,Gössling, S.,Scott, D.,Hall, C. M.,Gladin, E.(2008).Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: Frameworks, tools and practices.Paris:UNEP.
39. Smith, J. B.,Barclay, D. W.(1997).The effects of organizational differences and trust on the effectiveness of selling partner relationships.Journal of Marketing,61(1),3-21.
40. Teng, C. C.,Horng, J. S.,Hu, M. L.,Chen, P. C.(2014).Exploring energy and carbon literacy structure for hospitality and tourism practitioners: Evidence from hotel employees in Taiwan.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,19(4),451-468.
41. Timothy, D. J.,Butler, R. W.(1995).Cross-border shopping: A North American perspective.Annals of Tourism Research,22(1),16-34.
42. Tsaur, S. H.,Yen, C. H.,Chen, C. L.(2010).Independent tourist knowledge and skills.Annals of Tourism Research,37(4),1035-1054.
43. United Nations World Tourism Organization,United Nations Environment Programme,World Meteorological Organization(2008).Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges.Madrid, Spain:UNWTO.
44. Vaze, P.(2009).The economical environmentalist: My attempt to live a low-carbon life and what it cost.London:Routledge.
45. Zhang, Q.,Liu, H.(2011).Study on design and research of tourist souvenirs on the background of low-carbon economy.Energy Procedia,5,2416-2420.

1. 蔡昀儒,黃柏憲,林若慧(2021)。為「客」之道：探討遊客的觀光倫理。餐旅暨觀光，18(1)，1-24。