探討兒童遊戲設施對兒童遊戲行為之影響

The Influence of Facility Design in Playground on the Play Behaviors of Children

10.6130/JORS.2016.29(4)1

林建堯(Chien-Yau Lin)；黃緒庭(Shu-Ting Huang)；黃郁琇(Yu-Hsiu Huang)

遊戲行為 ； 遊戲行為類型 ； 建構遊戲 ； 戲劇遊戲 ； 規則遊戲 ； Children's play behavior ； Categories of play ； Constructive play ； Dramatic play ； Games with rules

戶外遊憩研究

29卷4期（2016 / 12 / 01）

1 - 36

繁體中文

本研究以國內外遊戲場照片搭配半結構式訪談來了解兒童對不同遊戲場的遊戲想法。研究共招募37位5-12歲兒童。經質量化分析顯示：(1)兒童偏好刺激具挑戰性的遊具，如：「滑梯」；(2)兒童偏好具挑戰性的遊戲行為，如：「攀爬」；(3)設施類型會影響兒童的遊戲行為，以「攀爬繩／網」、「遮蔽空間」與「滑梯」的遊戲行為類型與遊戲行為最多元。可移動並塑形的環境出現較多建構遊戲；可遮蔽、攀爬與滑行的設施較多戲劇遊戲；可遮蔽與攀爬的設施較多規則遊戲。故遊戲設施確實會對兒童遊戲行為產生影響。此外，可供兒童挑戰甚至略帶風險的遊戲環境能增加遊戲吸引力。建議未來可以在遊具的高度、形體變化等增加刺激與挑戰性，同時創造多樣且能自由遊戲的環境。

In this study, we examined photos of domestic and foreign playgrounds, coupled with the results of semi-structured interviews with children, to understand these children's ideas about different playgrounds. Thirty-seven recruited candidates - children between 5-12 years of age - were interviewed. After the qualitative and quantitative analysis, the results showed that: (1) children preferred facilities with excitement and challenges (e.g., slides); (2) children favored challenging play behavior (e.g., climbing); and (3) the type of facility affects children's play behavior. The most diverse play behavior was exhibited with climbing rope/nets, shelters, and slides. ＂Constructive play＂ was found in the movable and shaping environments. ＂Dramatic play＂ appeared at facilities with sheltering, climbing, or sliding functions. ＂Games with rules＂ occurred at facilities with sheltering or climbing capabilities. Therefore, the playground facilities do affect the play behavior of children. A place with larger challenges and higher risk characteristics will also increase play attraction. This study suggests that adjusting the height and shapes of facilities in the playground can increase the excitement and challenge those facilities provide, which children were shown to favor. Moreover, designers should create multiple play spaces where children can play freely.

1. 林建堯、巫沛臻、黃郁琇(2015)。應用支應性理論探討兒童與青少年的遊戲行為─以宜蘭第二文化中心為例。造園景觀學報，20(3)，47-70。
   連結：
2. 林庭如、林晏州(2008)。應用行為者互動分析模擬模型探討影響遊戲場兒童遊戲行為之因素。戶外遊憩研究，21(1)，83-104。
   連結：
3. 侯錦雄、程從沛、郭彰仁(2001)。兒童對遊具及技術性遊戲行為之遊戲安全與趣味認知。戶外遊憩研究，14(2)，1-26。
   連結：
4. 洪得娟(2002)。從市民的空間屬性知覺探討都市綠廊之重要性。私立中國文化大學地理研究報告，15，57-75。
   連結：
5. 許淑麗、謝瑩慧(2010)。戶外遊戲場中之幼兒遊戲探究─以一個幼稚園班級為例。幼兒教育年刊，21，1-29。
   連結：
6. 楊淑朱、蔡佳燕(2012)。創造性與混合型遊戲場上幼兒遊戲行為差異性之研究。戶外遊憩研究，25(1)，57-83。
   連結：
7. 歐聖榮、鄭佳美、黃郁琇、林建堯(2010)。以支應性理論探討環境屬性與使用者行為之關係─以國家美術館前開放空間為例。戶外遊憩研究，23(4)，79-109。
   連結：
8. 衛生福利部(2015)。兒童及少年福利與權益保障法。下載日期：2016/01/07，取自：http://mohwlaw.mohw.gov.tw/Chi/FLAW/FLAWDAT01.asp?lsid=FL024905 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2015). The protection of children and youths welfare and rights act. Retrieved January 7, 2016, from http://mohwlaw.mohw.gov.tw/Chi/FLAW/FLAWDAT0201.asp
9. Johnson, M. W. (1935). The effect on behavior of variation in the amount of play equipment. Child Development, 6(1), 56-68.
10. Chiang, S. J., & Lin, Z. (2015)。拒絕公園遊具罐頭化連署活動，下載日期：2016/01/16，取自：https://www.facebook.com/events/179132485767495/ Chiang, S. J., & Lin, Z. (2015). Online petition on refused canned playground facilities. Retrieved January 16, 2016, from https://www.facebook.com/events/179132485767495/
11. 衛生福利部(2016)。各行業附設兒童遊樂設施安全管理規範。下載日期：2016/01/28，取自：http://mohwlaw.mohw.gov.tw/Chi/FLAW/FLAWDAT01.asp?lsid=FL024307 Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2016). Safety management practice for the attached children's playground facilities in various walks of life. Retrieved January 28, 2016, from http://mohwlaw.mohw.gov.tw/Chi/FLAW/FLAWDAT0202.asp
12. Parten, M. B. (1932). Social participation among preschool children. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 27(3), 243-269.
13. Allen, E. M.,Hill, A. L.,Tranter, E.,Sheehan, K. M.(2013).Playground safety and quality in Chicago.Pediatrics,131(2),233-241.
14. Aziz, N. F.,Said, I.(2012).The trends and influential factors of children's use of outdoor environments: A review.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,38,204-212.
15. Azlina, W.,Zulkiflee, A. S.(2012).A pilot study: The impact of outdoor play spaces on kindergarten children.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,38,275-283.
16. Barbour, A. C.(1999).The impact of playground design on the play behaviors of children with differing levels of physical competence.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,14(1),75-98.
17. Barnett, L. A.,Kruienier, W. P.(1981).The effects of encapsulation on preschool children's imaginative play.Journal of Leisure Research,13(4),323-336.
18. Beckwith, J.(1985).Equipment selection criteria for modern playgrounds.When children play: Proceedings of the international conference on play and play environments,Wheaton, MD:
19. Brown, J. G.,Burger, C.(1984).Playground designs and preschool children's behaviors.Environment and Behavior,16(5),599-626.
20. Christiansen, P.(Ed.),James, A.(Ed.)(2008).Research with children: Perspectives and practices.London:Routledge.
21. Cohen, S.,Trostle, L. S.(1990).Young children's preferences for school- related physical- environmental setting characteristics.Environment and Behavior,22(6),753-766.
22. Czalczynska-Podolska, M.(2014).The impact of playground spatial features on children's play and activity forms: An evaluation of contemporary playgrounds' play and social value.Journal of Environmental Psychology,38,132-142.
23. Dee, N.,Liebman, J. C.(1970).A statistical study of attendance at urban playground.Journal of Leisure Research,2(3),145-159.
24. Ellis, M. J.(1973).Why people play.Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pretice-Hall.
25. Fjørtoft, I.,Sageie, J.(2000).The natural environment as a playground for children: Landscape description and analyses of a natural playscape.Landscape and Urban Planning,48(1),83-97.
26. Frost, J. L.(1992).Play and playscapes.Albany, NY:Delmar Publishers Inc.
27. Frost, J. L.,Campbell, S. D.(1985).Equipment choices of primary-age children on conventional and creative playgrounds.When children play,Wheaton, MD:
28. Gobster, P. H.(2002).Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele.Leisure Sciences,24(2),143-159.
29. Gramza, A. F.(1970).Preferences of preschool children for enterable play boxes.Perceptual and Motor Skills,31(1),177-178.
30. Griffing, P.(1983).Encouraging dramatic play in early childhood.Young Children,38(4),13-22.
31. Hartle, L.(1996).Effects of additional materials on preschool children's outdoor play behaviors.Journal of Research in Childhood Education,11(1),68-81.
32. Herrington, S.,Studtmann, K.(1998).Landscape interventions: New directions for the design of children's outdoor play environments.Landscape and Urban Planning,42(2-4),191-205.
33. Hughes, D. A.(1999).Adopting children with attachment problems.Child Welfare,78(5),541-560.
34. Jansson, M.,Persson, B.(2010).Playground planning and management: An evaluation of standard-influenced provision through user needs.Urban Forestry & Urban Greening,9(1),33-42.
35. Kruienier, W.(1978).The effects of encapsulation on preschool children's imaginative play.Journal of Leisure Research,13(4),323-336.
36. Kyttä, M.(2003).Finland,Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, Helsinki University of Technology.
37. Latfi, M. F. M.,Karim, H. A.(2012).Suitability of planning guidelines for children playing spaces.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,38,304-314.
38. Little, H.,Eager, D.(2010).Risk, challenge and safety: Implications for play quality and playground design.European Early Childhood Education Research Journal,18(4),497-513.
39. Macarthur, C.,Hu, X.,Wesson, D. E.,Parkin, P. C.(2000).Risk factors for severe injuries associated with falls from playground equipment.Accident Analysis & Prevention,32(3),377-382.
40. Naeini, H. S.,Lindqvist, K.,Jafari, H. R.,Mirlohi, A. H.,Dalal, K.(2011).Playground injuries in children.Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine,2,61-68.
41. Nassar, J. L.(Ed.),Preiser, W. F. E.(Ed.)(1999).Directions in person-environment research and practice.Aldershot:Ashgate.
42. Naylor, H.(1985).Design for outdoor play: An observational study.When children play: Proceedings of the international conference on play and play environments,Wheaton, MD:
43. Norman, D. A.(1988).The Psychology of everyday things.New York:Basic Books.
44. Norton, C.,Nixon, J.,Sibert, J. R.(2004).Playground injuries to children.Archives of Disease in Childhood,89(2),103-108.
45. Owen, S. V.,Froman, R. D.,Moscow, H.(1981).Educational psychology.Boston:Little, Brown & Co.
46. Piaget, J.(1962).Play, dreams and imagination in childhood.New York:W. W. Norton & Company.
47. Rubin, K. H.(2001).The play observation scale.Psychology
48. Rubin, K. H.,Watson, K. S.,Jambor, T. W.(1978).Free-play behavior in preschool and kindergarten children.Child Development,49(2),534-536.
49. Smilansky, S.(1968).The effects of sociodramatic play on disadvantaged preschool children.New York:John Wiley and Sons.
50. Weinstein, C. S.(Ed.),David, T. G.(Ed.)(1987).Spaces for children.New York:Plenum.
51. 王小璘(1987)。兒童遊戲的活動場所及空間之研究。造園季刊，2(4)，61-71。
52. 王元亨(1994)。臺北=Taipei，台灣大學建築與城鄉研究所=Graduate Institute of Building & Planning, National Taiwan University。
53. 田興蓉(2003)。彰化=Changhua，彰化師範大學科學教育研究所=Graduate Institute of Science Education, National Changhua University。
54. 吳幸玲(2011)。兒童遊戲與發展（第二版）。臺北=Taipei:揚智文化=Yang Chih Book Co., Ltd。
55. 吳盈慧(2004)。嘉義=Chiayi，國立嘉義大學幼兒教育學系=Department of Early Childhood Education, National Chiayi University。
56. 李幸芳(2003)。臺南=Tainan，長榮大學土地管理與開發學系=Department of Land Management and Development, Chang jung Christian University。
57. 李鳳琴(1980)。談幼兒運動遊戲設備。國民體育季刊，4(9)，54-57。
58. 尚憶薇(2005)。探討幼兒遊戲的類型與價值。學校體育，15(86)，91-96。
59. 林建堯(2014)。國科會專題研究計畫成果報告國科會專題研究計畫成果報告,宜蘭=Yilan:國立宜蘭大學園藝系=National Ilan University。
60. 林風南(1988)。幼兒體能與遊戲。臺北=Taipei:五南=Wu Nan Book Inc。
61. 林鈺專(1993)。臺中=Taichung，東海大學景觀學系=Department of Landscape Architecture, Tunghai University。
62. 高月梅、張泓(1995)。幼兒心理學。臺北=Taipei:五南=Wu Nan Book Inc。
63. 張立東、蕭景祥、林佳蓉(2005)。兒童遊戲場墜落因子之探討。嘉南學報，31，302-309。
64. 張春興(2002)。現代心理學。臺北=Taipei:臺灣東華書局股份有限公司=Tung Hua Book Co., Ltd。
65. 張翠娥、吳文鶯(1997)。嬰幼兒遊戲與教具。臺北=Taipei:心理出版社=Psychological Publishing Co., Ltd。
66. 強森、克莉絲汀、亞起、吳幸玲譯、郭靜晃譯(2003)。兒童遊戲─遊戲發展的理論與實務（第二版）。臺北=Taipei:揚智文化=Yang Chih Book Co., Ltd.。
67. 郭靜晃(2005)。兒童發展與保育。臺北=Taipei:威仕曼文化=Wiseman Publishing Co., Ltd.。
68. 陳文錦、凌德麟(1999)。臺北市國小遊戲場之設施準則。臺北=Taipei:市政府教育局=Department of Education, Taipei City Government。
69. 陳明山(2004)。臺南=Tainan，臺南大學體育教育學系=Department of Physical Education, National University of Tainan。
70. 陳信宏(2005)。臺北=Taipei，臺北科技大學創新設計研究所=Graduate Institute of Innovation & Design, National Taipei University of Technology。
71. 湯志民(1997)。台灣學校建築的發展與方向。初等教育學刊，6，143-196。
72. 湯志民(2000)。學校建築與校園規畫。臺北=Taipei:五南=Wu Nan Book Inc。
73. 程從沛(2000)。臺中=Taichung，東海大學景觀設計學系研究所=Department of Landscape Architecture, Tunghai University。
74. 黃志成、王淑芬、陳玉玫(2008)。幼兒發展。臺北=Taipei:揚智文化=Yang Chih Book Co., Ltd。
75. 黃婉君(2006)。臺北=Taipei，國立臺北教育大學國民教育學系=Department of Education, National Taipei University of Education。
76. 黃淑貞(1987)。臺北=Taipei，國立台灣大學園藝學系=Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University。
77. 蔡佳燕(2003)。嘉義=Chiayi，嘉義大學幼兒教育學系=Department of Early Childhood Education, National Chiayi University。
78. 蔡麗淑(1989)。臺北=Taipei，國立台灣大學土木工程研究所=Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University。
79. 鄭淑俐(2001)。臺北=Taipei，臺北市立師範學院國民教育研究所=Department of Education, Taipei Municipal Teachers College。
80. 賴小玲(2000)。臺中=Taichung，逢甲大學建築及都市計畫學系=Department of Urban Planning and Spatial Information, Feng Chia University。
81. 簡銘鋒(2006)。桃園=Taoyuan，中原大學室內設計研究所=Department of Interior Design, Chung Yuan Christian University。

1. 柯佳君,林志鈞(2021)。一起遊戲「趣」：應用灰關聯分析評估戶外公共遊戲場之規劃設計。育達科大學報，49，1-34。
2. 羅家駿,郭宛如(2020)。玩家人格特質與答題時間壓力對遊戲體驗、態度與表現之影響。教育傳播與科技研究，124，53-68。