論環境史研究的源起、意義與迷思：以美國的論著爲例之探討

Developments, Meanings and Myths of Environmental History: The Case of American Historiography

10.6253/ntuhistory.1999.23.14

曾華壁(Hua-Pi Tseng)

環境史 ； 美國史學 ； 環境主義 ； environmental history ； American historiography ； environmentalism

臺大歷史學報

23期（1999 / 06 / 01）

411 - 444

繁體中文

本文所指的「環境史」，是指在當代環境主義思潮之影響下，利用「生態學」的新知，解釋歷史文獻，試圖重建人類的行爲和自然環境互動關係的新史學。本文先由學衛變遷史的角度，探討環境史的內涵，並將分析美國環境史研究的發展階段，闡論此一新史學領域崛起之因素，論證它具有創造與轉化、跨領域，和當代性等特質；並以美國爲例，證明其學術地位的穩固，已到了不容國內學界輕忽的地步。論文將歸納該領域的重要研究理論和著作，並進一步闡論史學研究對當代環境議題的貢獻與意義，及其所面臨的困境。最後對進行環境史研究的預備條件，和未來發展的可能方向，提供觀點和討論。

The rise of environmental history as an academic discipline in the 1960's in North America was influenced by environmentalism's emergence during that period. One of environmental history's key characteristics is the marriage of ecology and history. Applying a new ideology to conventional methodology, environmental historians try to interpret bow human behaviors interact with the environment in different time periods. In order to demonstrate the importance of the discipline, this paper highlights environmental history's developments, meanings and myths, and discusses the field's major theories and contributions. Also addressed here are environmental history's possibilities for future development. This paper concludes that, although environmental history is a new transdisciplinary field, Taiwan academics should grant it full recognition as an area of scholarly inquiry.

1. Bailes, Kendall E.(1985).Environmental History: Critical Issues in Comparative Perspective.
2. Bird, Elizabeth Ann R.(1987).The Social Construction of Nature: Theoretical Approaches to the History of Environmental Problems.Environmental Review: ER,11(4),255-264.
3. Cornon, William(1993).The Uses of Environmental History.Environmental History Review: EHR: a Publication of the American Society for Environmental History,17(3),1-22.
4. Cornon, William(1992).A Place for Stories: Nature, History, and Narrative.The Journal of American History,78(4),1347-1373.
5. Cornon, William(1996).Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature.
6. Cornon, William(1990).Modes of Prophecy and Production: Placing Nature in History, A Roundtable: Environmental History.The Journal of American History,76(4),1122-1131.
7. Cornon, William(1983).Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonist, and the Ecology of New England.
8. Cornon, William(1991).Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West.
9. Crosby, Alfred W.(1986).Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900.
10. Crosby, Alfred W.(1972).The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequence of 1492.
11. Dunlap, Thomas R.(1983).The Coyote Itself -Ecologists and the Value of Predators, 1900-1972.Environmental Review: ER,7(1),54-70.
12. Flaming, Donald(1972).Roots of the New Conservation Movement.Perspectives in American History,6(7),91.
13. Gottlieb, Roger S.(1997).The Ecological Community.
14. Hughes, J. Donald(1995).Ecology and Development as Narrative Themes of World History.Environmental History Review: EHR: a Publication of the American Society for Environmental History,19(1),1-16.
15. Hughes, J. Donald(1983).Charivari for an Editor.Environmental Review: ER,7(1),3-4.
16. Hunter, Malcolm L., Jr.(1996).Fundamentals of Conservation Biology.
17. Jacob, Wilbur(1970).Perspectives : newsletter of the American Historical Association.
18. Leibhardt, Barbara(1988).Interpretation and Casual Analysis: Theories in Environmental History.Environmental Review: ER,12(1),23-36.
19. McCormick, John(1989).Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement.
20. McEvoy, Arthur F.(1987).Toward an Interactive of Nature and Culture: Ecology, Production, and Cognition in the California Fishing Industry.Environmental Review: ER,11(4),289-305.
21. McGinnis, Michael Vincent(1999).Bioregionalism.
22. Merchant, Carolyn(1987).The Theoretical Structure of Ecological Revolutions.Environmental Review: ER,11(4),265-274.
23. Merchant, Carolyn(1980).The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution.
24. Merchant, Carolyn(1993).Major Problems in American Environmental History.
25. Merchant, Carolyn(1989).Ecological Revolution: Nature, Gender, and Science in New England Chapel.
26. Middleton, Nick(1995).The Global Casino: An Introduction to Environmental Issues.
27. Miller, Char(1997).Out of the Woods: Essays in Environmental History.
28. Nash, Roderick F.(1989).The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics.
29. Nash, Roderick F.(1972).American Environmental History: A New Teaching Frontier.Pacific Historical Review,41,362-369.
30. Nash, Roderick F.(1990).American Environmental: Readings in Conservation History.
31. Nash, Roderick F.(1982).Wilderness and American Mind.
32. Netting, Robert(1977).Cultural Anthropology.
33. Opie, John(1983).Environmental History: Pitfalls and Opportunities.Environmental Review: ER,7,8-16.
34. Opie, John(1981).Frederick Jackson Turner, the Old West, and the Formation of a National Mythology.Environmental Review: ER,5(2),79-91.
35. O''Riordan, Timothy(1981).Environmentalism.
36. Paehlke, Robert(1989).Environmentalism and the Future of Progressive Politics.
37. Petulla, Joseph M.(1976).American Environmental History: The Exploitation and Conservation of Natural Resources.
38. Petulla, Joseph M.(1977).Toward an Environmental Philosophy: In Search of a Methodology.Environmental Review: ER,1977(2),14-43.
39. Seroos, Marvin S.(1998).The International Commons: A Historical Perspective.Environmental Review: ER,12(1),1-22.
40. Udall, Stewart(1988).The Quiet Crisis and the Next Generation.
41. Werskel, Timothy C.(1987).Agents of Empire: Steps Toward an Ecology of Imperialism.Environmental Review: ER,11(4),275-288.
42. White, Richard(1985).Historiographical Essay, American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field.Pacific Historical Review,54(3),297-335.
43. Worster, Donald(1987).The Vunlnerable Earth: Toward A Planetary History.Environmental Review: ER,11(2),87-104.
44. Worster, Donald(1973).American Environmentalism: The Formative Period, 1860-1915.
45. Worster, Donald(1990).A Roundtable: Environmental History.The Journal of American History,76(4),1087-1147.
46. Worster, Donald(1984).History as Natural History: An Essay on Theory and Method.Pacific Historical Review,53,1-19.
47. Worster, Donald(1989).The Ends of the Earth.
48. Worster, Donald(1993).The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination.
49. Worster, Donald(1985).Environmental History.
50. Worster, Donald(1994).Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas.
51. Young, John(1990).Post Environmentalism.
52. Young, Robert J.C.(1985).Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture.
53. 伊懋可(1995)。積漸所至：中國環境史論文集。
54. 曾華璧(1998)。守護山海的足跡：花蓮地區環境主義之論析與前瞻。
55. 蕭新煌(1980)。社會學與「環境：環境社會學的基本看法」。思與言：人文與社會科學雜誌，18(2)，127-136。

1. 盧正恒(2022)。海洋環境史視野下臺灣海峽海難：以清代班兵與水師為討論中心。人文及社會科學集刊，34(3)，503-557。
2. 張家綸(2011)。評介《大英帝國森林與環境主義的起源》。臺灣師大歷史學報，45，253-262。
3. (2001)。國家公園與自然資源保育：陽明山個案。思與言：人文與社會科學雜誌，39(1)，173-213。
4. (2011)。釋析十七世紀荷蘭據臺時期的環境探索與自然資源利用。臺灣史研究，18(1)，1-39。