土地與叛亂─十三世紀中期英格蘭貴族改革運動的一個面向

Landholding and Land Spoliation in the Period of Reform and Rebellion in England, 1258-1267

10.6253/ntuhistory.2011.47.03

劉慧(Hui Liu)

英格蘭 ； 1258至1267年改革叛亂 ； 約翰．曼梭（John Mansel） ； 羅伯特．華勒倫（Robert Walerand） ； England ； Reform and Rebellion of 1258-1267 ； John Mansel ； Robert Walerand

臺大歷史學報

47期（2011 / 06 / 01）

107 - 167

繁體中文

1258至1267年間英格蘭的貴族改革叛亂運動，是十二、十三世紀英格蘭政治史的研究重點之一。本文試圖從土地問題的角度著手，以兩位政府官員的經歷為例證，探討改革運動中發生於1263年及1265年的兩個重要環節。1261年亨利三世復權之後，至1263年，改革派勢力又起。改革派在1263年7月透過大量掠奪保王派土地及財物成功奪權，但三個月後，卻因為歸還受害者財產的措施不夠積極，旋即喪失權柄。1264年中，改革派利用其優越的軍事策略，大敗王軍，俘擄亨利三世，再攬政治權力，直到保王派於1265年8月重起戰事得勝為止。亨利三世在1265年底先是沒收改革派叛徒的地產，贈與保王派有功者，次年則改以罰金方式處置叛徒。本文透過修道院編年史、1265年的一場全國性調查結果以及1267年開始的巡迴法庭紀錄，探討土地或地上物如何在1263年作為奪權武器或談判籌碼，又如何在1265年轉而成為國王重振權威或叛亂者重返政治社群象徵之過程。

In the period of reform and rebellion in England, 1258-1267, the issue of land stood out at two particular moments: during the widespread attacks and spoliation of royalists' properties in the summer of 1263, and the confiscation and later restoration of rebels' lands in 1265 and 1266. The attacks on land brought Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, to power, and the thoroughness of the attacks can best be seen in the case of the royal councilor John Mansel. The failure of the reformers adequately to restore lands to the victims in the autumn explains the briefness of Earl Simon's first period in power.In 1265, after the Battle of Evesham, the king instituted a policy of total confiscation of rebel lands, which he then granted out to royalist supporters, with Robert Walerand as one of the major beneficiaries. The Dictum of Kenilworth in 1266, however, mitigated the harshness of the treatment of former rebels. This article argues that a respect for the right of inheritance was behind such a change in policy, and was a basic assumption common to the entire polity.

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