题名

Linking the Visible Cities: The Chinese Junks Sailing between Nagasaki and Batavia (1665-1719)

并列篇名

串連「看得見的城市」：長崎－巴達維亞航線上的唐船貿易（1665-1719）

DOI

10.6253/ntuhistory.201806_(61).0006

作者

鄭維中(Cheng, Weichung)

关键词

Nagasaki ； Batavia ； Chinese Junk Trade ； VOC ； Batavian Chinese ； 長崎 ； 巴達維亞 ； 唐船貿易 ； 荷蘭東印度公司 ； 巴達維亞唐人

期刊名称

臺大歷史學報

卷期/出版年月

61期（2018 / 06 / 01）

页次

289 - 340

内容语文

英文
中文摘要

Traffic between Jakarta (and later Batavia) and Nagasaki was unusual before the Dutch East India Company (VOC) established its trade to the two destinations. In the mid-17th century, Chinese junk traders under Zheng Chenggong's (鄭成功) protection ran this business from Amoy. After the 1650s, the commercial strife between the Zheng clan and the VOC threw a spanner in the works that eventually resulted in a war in 1661. In 1669, the Batavian authorities gradually relaxed their control over the Chinese junk trade on the Nagasaki-Batavia route. The antagonism between the Zheng regime in Taiwan and the VOC in Batavia, compounded by that between the Zheng and the Qing court on the Chinese mainland and the disputes between China and Japan, created a loophole for the Batavian Chinese to run the business on the Nagasaki-Batavia route in 1665-1719. This article has consulted published and unpublished archival sources to clarify the rise and fall of the business of the Batavian Chinese on this route and also the duration of this voyage, the numbers of the crews, and the carried cargoes. The author has discovered that the blind eye turned by the Batavian authorities was crucial, and this trade contributed to the expansion of the plantations owned by Batavian Chinese officers. Their experience in exploiting the leeway granted by different states was the legacy that led to the success of the later junk traders on China Seas in the 18th century.
英文摘要

在荷蘭東印度公司（VOC）於長崎與雅加達（之後為巴達維亞）間建立航線前，兩地少有貿易聯繫。17世紀中期，兩地間的唐船貿易，由鄭成功轄下商人經廈門中轉進行。1650年代起，鄭氏家族與東印度公司間的商務爭端日漸升高，導致1661年之戰爭。1669年起，巴達維亞當局放寬對直航長崎與巴達維亞兩地之唐船的控制。東寧鄭氏政權與巴達維亞之荷蘭東印度公司持續敵對，加上鄭氏與清廷的對立，以及中國與日本無國交的狀態，巴達維亞唐人遂得以在1665至1719年間進行長崎－巴達維亞直航貿易。本文運用已出版及未出版的檔案文書資料，檢視並描繪巴達維亞唐人營運此一航線的興衰，並歸納其航行日程跨度、一般人員人數與貨物種類。作者發現，此一航線興起的關鍵在於巴達維亞當局之默許，而其營運與巴達維亞唐人夷官投資農業開發有關。此一運用政治對立下的模糊空間進行跨國貿易的經驗，則為18世紀唐人於中國海各地廣泛從事貿易之先聲。
主题分类 人文學 > 歷史學
参考文献
  1. ID-JaAN 2502, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1687 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1687)], the whole volume.
  2. ID-JaAN 2508, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, Jan.-Juni 1692 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-June 1692)], the whole volume.
  3. NFJ 289, Missive door den E. Joan Boucheljon en den raet deses comptoirs nangasackij aan d'Edle Hr. gouverneur generael [Joan Maetsuijcker] in dato 24 December 1657 per een Chinese jonck over Siam naer Batavia gesont [Letter sent by Joan Boucheljon and the Council of Factory at Nagasaki through a Chinese junk to Batavia for governor general Joan Maetsuijcker on 24 Dec. 1657], Deshima, 24 Dec. 1657, fos. 1-5.
  4. VOC 1314, Daghregister van Japan, beginnende 20 October 1674 en eijndigende 7 November 1675 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1674-Nov. 1675)], Deshima, 7 Nov. 1675, fos. 161-214.
  5. VOC 1386, Japans daghregister bij den Ed. Andreas Cleijer gehouden tzedert 20 October 1682 tot 8 November 1683 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1682-Nov. 1683)], Deshima, 8 Nov. 1683, fos. 752-815.
  6. VOC 1440, Missive door de ondercoopluijden Gijsbert van der Heijden, Gerard Drijver en Adolph de Bertrij uijt de baij van Maserican aen haer Eds. tot Batavia geschreven [Letter sent by Assistant Merchants Gijsbert van der Heijden, Gerard Brijver and Adolph de Bertrij in the Bay of Maserican to the Governor-General in Batavia], Macau, 25 Oct. 1687, fos. 2266-2279.
  7. ID-JaAN 2496, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-12 July 1684 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-July 1684)], the whole volume.
  8. ID-JaAN 2507, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1691 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1691)], the whole volume.
  9. ID-JaAN 2515, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, Jan.-Juni 1696 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-June 1696)], the whole volume.
  10. ID-JaAN 2518, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1698 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1698)], the whole volume.
  11. ID-JaAN 900, De generale resoluties 4 Jan.-28 Dec. 1686 [The Batavia Resolutions (1686)], the whole volume.
  12. The Archives of Dutch Factory in Japan (Nederlandse Factorij in Japan, NFJ)
  13. ID-JaAN 2514, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1695 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1695)], the whole volume.
  14. VOC 1294, Japans daghregister van den jare 1673 gehouden bij den Ed. Martinus Caesar int rijck van Japan [The Deshima Diaries (1673)], Deshima, 28 Oct. 1673, fos. 565-622.
  15. ID-JaAN 2498, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, Jan.-Aug. 1685 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-Aug. 1685)], the whole volume.
  16. VOC 1330, Dagregister van 't voornaamste gepasseerde ten comptoire Nangasaki in Japan gehouden bij den oppercoopman Dirck de Haas opperhooft wegens 's compagnies negotie en verderen ommeslaegh aldaer beginnende den 27 October 1676 en eijndigent 16 October 1677 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1676-Oct. 1677)], Deshima,16 Oct. 1677, fos. 1092-1155.
  17. ID-JaAN 2500, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, Jan.-Mei 1686 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-May 1686)], the whole volume.
  18. ID-JaAN 2512, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, Jan.-Mei 1694 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-May 1694)], the whole volume.
  19. ID-JaAN 2530, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-7 Juli. 1707 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-July 1707)], the whole volume.
  20. VOC 1119, Origineel daghregister gehouden bij den E. Jeremias van Vliet van 10 Maert tot 14 November 1636 [Ayuttahaya Diaries from 10 Mar. to 14 Nov. 1636], Ayuttahaya, 14 Nov. 1636, fos. 1338-1389.
  21. VOC 1119, Originele missive van den coopman Jeremias van Vliet aen den gouverneur general Van Diemen in dato 13 November 1636 [The Letter sent by Merchant Jeremias van Vliet to Governor General Anthonio van Diemen], Ayuttahaya, 13 Nov. 1636, fos. 1266-1289.
  22. VOC 1283, Japans daghregister gehouden bij het opperhooft Martinus Cesar beginnende met den 2 November 1670 en eijndigt den 21 October 1671 [The Deshima Diaries (Nov. 1670-Oct.1671)], Deshima, 21 Oct. 1671, fos. 1760-1817.
  23. VOC 1304, Dachregister gehouden bij 't opperhooft Joannes Camphuijs in Japan beginnende den 29 October 1673 en eijndigende 19 October 1674 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1673-Oct. 1674)], Deshima, 19 Oct. 1674, fos. 57-102.
  24. VOC 1332, Daghregister gehouden ten comptoire Nangasackij in Japan sedert 15 October 1677 tot 4 November 1678 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1677-Nov. 1678)], Deshima, 4 Nov. 1678, fos. 636-694.
  25. VOC 673, Kopie resoluties van gouverneur-generaal en raden, 27 Jan. 1651-24 Jan. 1652 [The Batavia Resolutions (Jan. 1651-Jan. 1652)], Batavia, 24 Jan. 1652, the whole volume.
  26. VOC 1290, Daghregister van 22 October 1671 tot 12 November 1672 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1671-Nov. 1672)], Deshima, 12 Nov. 1672, fos. 322-366.
  27. ID-JaAN 2495, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1683 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1683)], the whole volume.
  28. ID-JaAN 2516, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 3 Juni.-31 Dec. 1696 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (June-Dec. 1696)], the whole volume.
  29. NFJ 288, Missive door haar Edlen [Joan Maetsuijcker] uijt Batavia naer Japan aen 't comptoir Nangasackij per de jachten Bloemendael en Haes geschreven dato 12 Julij anno. 1657 [Letter sent by His Excellency Joan Maetsuijcker from Batavia to Japan for the Factory Nagasaki through the yachts Bloemendael and Haes], Batavia, 12 July 1657, fos. 77-89.
  30. VOC 1247, Missive van de opperhoofden te Nangasacki aen den gouverneur generaal Joan Maetsuijcker ende raden van India [The Letter sent by Chief Members at Nagasaki to the Governor General Joan Maetsuijcker and the Council of the Indies], Deshima, 1 Jan. 1664, fos. 21-36.
  31. ID-JaAN 2535, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 5 Jan.-30 Juni 1711 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-June 1711)], the whole volume.
  32. VOC 1119, Bekentnisse ende beloft van Siquan Chinees [The Acknowledgement and Promise by Chinese Siquan], Ayuttahaya, 15 May 1635, fo. 1428.
  33. VOC 1264, Daghregister zedert primo November 1666 tot 22 Februarij 1667 gehouden door Pieter van Hoorn raadt extraordinaris van India, expres ambassadeur wegens de compagnie in 't rijck van China [The Daily Journal recorded by the Special Councilor and Ambassador to China, Pieter van Hoorn from 1 Nov. 1666 to 22 Feb. 1667], Canton, 6 Nov. 1666, fos. 134-169.
  34. ID-JaAN 2510, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-14 Juni 1693 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-June 1693)], the whole volume.
  35. ID-JaAN 2543, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-6 Juli 1716 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-July 1716)], the whole volume.
  36. VOC 1322, Japans daghregister van 7 November 1675 tot 27 October 1676 [The Deshima Diaries (Nov. 1675-Oct. 1676)], Deshima, 27 Oct. 1676, fos. 1451-1519.
  37. VOC 1330, Missive van het affgaende opperhooft van Japan Dirck de Haas uijt Nangasackij near Batavia geschreven in dato 16 October 1677 [Letter sent by Chief Merchant Dirck de Haas from Nagasaki to Batavia], Deshima, 16 Oct. 1677, fos. 721-728.
  38. VOC 7964, Dagregister ten comptoirs Japan gehouden sedert 31 October 1681 tot 20 October 1682 [The Deshima Diaries (Oct. 1681-Oct. 1682)], Deshima, 31 Oct. 1681-20 Oct. 1682, fos. 46-89.
  39. ID-JaAN 2534, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1710 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1710)], the whole volume.
  40. ID-JaAN 2548, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 10 Mei.-27 Sept. 1719 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (May-Sept. 1719)], the whole volume.
  41. ID-JaAN 876, De generale resoluties 4 Jan.-30 Dec. 1664 [The Batavia Resolutions (1664)], the whole volume.
  42. VOC 1125, Copie missive bij Jeremias van Vliet tot Siam aen president Nicolaes Couckebacker tot Firando [The Letter sent by Jeremias van Vliet in Siam to president Nicolaes Couckebacker in Firando], Ayuttahaya, 11 June 1637, fos. 544-561.
  43. ID-JaAN 2504, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, Jan.-Juli. 1689 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-July 1689)], the whole volume.
  44. ID-JaAN 898, De generale resoluties 11 Jan.-29 Dec. 1684 [The Batavia Resolutions (1684)], the whole volume.
  45. ID-JaAN 2503, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-31 Dec. 1688 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (1688)], the whole volume.
  46. ID-JaAN 2540, De dagregisters int casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaatse als over geheel Nederlands-India, 1 Jan.-7 Juni 1714 [The Daily Journal of Batavia Castle (Jan.-June 1714)], the whole volume.
  47. ID-JaAN 857, De generale resoluties van het kasteel Batavia, 23 Jan. 1635-31 Mei. 1637 [The Batavia Resolutions (Jan. 1635- May 1637)], Batavia, 23 Jan. 1635-31 May 1637, the whole volume. (Below skip the place and date for conciseness )
  48. Andaya, Leonard Y.(1995).The Bugis-Makassar Diasporas.Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,68(1),119-138.
  49. Ball, John(1982).Indonesian Legal History, 1602-1848.Sydney:Oughtershaw Press.
  50. Bassett, D. K.(1989).British 'Country' Trade and Local trade Networks in the Thai and Malay States, c. 1680-1770.Modern Asian Studies,23(4),625-643.
  51. Blussé, Leonard(1996).No Boats to China. The Dutch East India Company and the Changing Pattern of the China Sea Trade, 1635-1690.Modern Asian Studies,30(1),51-76.
  52. Blussé, Leonard(1986).Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia.Dortecht:Foris Publication.
  53. Blussé, Leonard(1981).Batavia, 1619-1740: The Rise and Fall of a Chinese Colonial Town.Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,12(1),159-178.
  54. Blussé, Leonard(2008).Visible Cities: Canton, Nagasaki and Batavia and the Coming of the Americans.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
  55. Blussé, Leonard(2017).The Kai Ba Lidai Shiji 開吧歷代史記：An autonomous history of the Chinese community of Batavia/Jakarta in the VOC period.Wacana,18(2),385-401.
  56. Blussé, Leonard(ed.),van Opstall, Margot E.(ed.),Ts'ao, Yung-ho(ed.),Milde, Wouter. E.(ed.)(1986).De dagregisters van het kasteel Zeelandia: Taiwan 1629-1662.'s-Gravenhage:Martinus N?hoff.
  57. Blussé, Leonard、Zhuang, Guotutrans.(1989)。《荷使初訪中國記》研究。Xiamen:Xiamen University Press。
  58. Chang、 Pin-tsun(1983).Princeton University.
  59. Chu, Te-lan(1986)。清初遷界令時中國船海上貿易之研究。中國海洋發展史論文集（二），Taipei:
  60. Hullu, J. De. “Over den Chinaschen Handel der Oost-Indische Compagnie in de eerste dertig jaar van de 18e eeuw [On the VOC's China trade in the first thirty years of the eighteenth century].” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van nederlandsch-Indië [Contributions to Linguistics, Geography and Ethnology of the Indies] 73, no. 1 (1917, Leiden), pp. 32-151.
  61. Erkelens, Monique(2013).University Leiden.
  62. Frank, André Gunder(1998).Re-Orient: Global Economy in the Asian Age.Los Angeles:University of California Press.
  63. Gaastra, Femme S.(2003).The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline.Zutphen:Walburg Pers.
  64. Hall, John. “Notes on The Early Ch'ing Copper Trade with Japan.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12, no. 3/4 (1949, Cambridge, MA), pp. 444-461
  65. Hoetink, B. “So Bing Kong, Het Eerste hoofd der Chineezen te Batavia (Eene nalezing) [So Bing Kong, the first chief of the Chinese at Batavia (further gleanings)].” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van nederlandsch-Indië [Contributions to Linguistics, Geography and Ethnology of the Indies] 79, no. 1 (1923, Leiden), pp. 1-44
  66. Hoetink, B. “So Bing Kong. Het Eerste Hoofd der Chineezen te Batavia (1619-1636) [So Bing Kong, the first chief of the Chinese at Batavia, 1619-1636].” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Landen Volkenkunde van nederlandsch-Indië [Contributions to Linguistics, Geography and Ethnology of the Indies] 73, no. 1 (1917, Leiden), pp. 344-414
  67. Hoetink, B. “Chineesche Officieren te Batavia onder de Compagnie [Chinese officers at Batavia in the days of the VOC].” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van nederlandsch-Indië [Contributions to Linguistics, Geography and Ethnology of the Indies] 78, no. 1 (1922, Leiden), pp. 1-136
  68. Kaempfer, Engelbert. Geschichte und Beschreibung von Japan [History and description of Japan]. 2 vols. Lemgo: Verlage der Meyerschen Buchhandlung, 1777-1779
  69. Kathirithamby-Wells, J.(ed.),Villiers, John(ed.)(1990).The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise.Singapore:National University of Singapore Press.
  70. Melink-Roelofsz, M.A.P.(1962).Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago Between 1500 and About 1630.The Hague:Martinus Nijhoff.
  71. Ng, Chin-keong(2017).Boundaries and Beyond: China's Maritime Southeast in Late Imperial Times.Singapore:National University of Singapore Press.
  72. Ng, Chin-keong(1983).Trade and Society: the Amoy network on the China Coast, 1683-1735.Singapore:National University of Singapore Press.
  73. Reid, Anthony(2015).A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads.West Sussex:Wiley Blackwell.
  74. Reid, Anthony(1993).Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680.New Haven:Yale University Press.
  75. Rumphius, Georgius Everhardus. Het Amboinsch kruid-boek [The Ambonese Herb-book]. 6 vols. Amsterdam: Meinard Uytwerf, 1741-1750
  76. Salmon, Claudine(2014).Ming Loyalist in Southeast Asia: As Perceived through Various Asian and European Records.Wiesbaden:Harrassowitz Verlag.
  77. The Batavian High Government's Achieves in the National Archives, Jakarta, Indonesia. (Indonesia-Jakarta, Arsip Nasional, ID-JaAN)
  78. The Dutch East India Company's Achieves in the National Achieves, The Hague, The Netherlands (De Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC)
  79. Chijs, J. A. van der, H. T. Colenbrander, J. De Hullu, F. De Haan, and W. Fruin-Mees, eds. Daghregister gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter plaetse als over geheel Nederlands India. 31 vols. Batavia and The Hague: Ministerie van Koloniën, 1888-1931, Vol. 1631-1634, 1636, 1661, 1664, 1665, 1666-1667, 1668-1669, 1670-1671, 1672, 1673, 1674, 1675, 1676, 1677, 1678, 1679, 1680, 1681, 1682 (I).
  80. Viallé, Cynthia(trans. ed.),Blussé, Leonard(trans. ed.)(1986).The Deshima dagregisters: their original tables of contents.Leiden:Institute for the History of European Expansion.
  81. Viallé, Cynthia(trans. ed.),Blussé, Leonard(trans. ed.)(1986).The Deshima dagregisters: their original tables of contents.Leiden:Institute for the History of European Expansion.
  82. Yao、 Keisuke(2004).The Chinese Junk Trade between Japan and Southeast Asia in the 17-18th Centuries.北九州市立大学文学部紀要,68,1-18.
  83. Zhao, Gang(2013).The Qing Opening to the Ocean: Chinese Maritime Policies, 1684-1757.Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press.
  84. 永積洋子(1987)。唐船輸出入品数量一覧．1637-1833年：復元唐船貨物改帳．帰帆荷物買渡帳。Tokyo:S?bunsha。
  85. 永積洋子(2001)。朱印船。Tokyo:Yoshikawa K?bunkan。
  86. 向達(1982)。兩種海道針經。Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company。
  87. 岩生成一(1953)。近世日支貿易に關する數量的考察。史學雜誌，62(11)，981-1020。
  88. 林春勝(1958)。華夷變態。Tōkyō:T?y? Bunko。
  89. 島田竜登(1999)。唐船来航ルートの変化と近世日本の国産代替化─蘇木．紅花を事例として。早稲田経済学研究，49，59-71。
  90. 張燮(2000)。東西洋考。Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company。
  91. 飯崗直子, Naoko(2009).National University of Singapore.
  92. 劉序楓(2010)。由《華夷變態》看清初東亞海域的海上交通情況─以船隻的往來和人員的移動為中心（1674-1728）。海洋史研究，Beijing:
  93. 賴貴三(2004)。荷蘭萊頓大學漢學研究院典藏印尼華僑「吧國公堂」檔案暨匾聯木牌考釋校記。國文學報，35，213-241。
print cancel